# 

Dear community,

We’re thrilled to announce that [Crab Network has won the 59th Kusama Parachain slot and has been awarded the Para ID 2229](https://kusama.subscan.io/auction/59)! It’s the second auction that Crab Network has won, and Crab didn’t crowdloan this time.

The current Crab Parachain (`Para ID: 2105`) lease period is 25-26, and the lease period of the newly won Crab Parachain (`Para ID: 2229`) on the Kusama auction is 25-32\. When the Crab Parachain(`Para ID: 2105`) lease period expires, we will take `Para ID: 2229` lease period, moved it to `Para ID: 2105`, and will continue to use the old Crab Parachain (`Para ID: 2105`) as usual.

# About Darwinia & Crab

[GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network) | [Website](https://darwinia.network/) | [Medium](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork) | [Twitter](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Telegram](https://t.me/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Discord](https://discord.gg/VcYFYETrw5)

[Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/) is a cross-chain messaging infrastructure, which provides a light client-based, programmable, universal cross-chain messaging network for decentralized applications. Now, we’ve successfully used [Darwinia’s light-client cross-chain messaging protocol(LCMP)](https://docs.darwinia.network/lcmp-overview) to bridge cross-chain messages between substrate-based chains, and even between substrate-based chains and EVM chains, meanwhile, Darwinia provides developers with an [SDK](https://docs.darwinia.network/sdk/api-reference), so they can easily integrate cross-chain capabilities into their Dapps. This will have profound implications for cross-chain interoperability, and Darwinia as a cross-chain messaging infrastructure will facilitate the building of a hybrid cross-chain network.

[Crab](https://crab.network/) is a canary network with real economic value for [Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/), positioning similar to Polkadot’s Kusama Network, which is a programmable cross-chain platform for Dapps. It is substrate-based, EVM-compatible, and connected to Kusama.

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Crab Network Has Won The 59th Kusama Parachain Slot!

# Notable Changes

* Substrate monthly update — [*GitHub Pull Request*](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia/pull/952)
* Transfer Crab Parachain backing assets to Helix DAO — [*GitHub Pull Request*](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia/pull/952)
* Remove KTON treasury from runtime — [*GitHub Pull Request*](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia/pull/952)

# Release Details

* Runtime Version 1250 — [*GitHub Release*](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia/releases/tag/v0.12.5)
* Council Motion #111 — [*Subscan*](https://crab.subscan.io/council/111)

> *Hash* `0xef7c848af082a21c8925a7a057aed98bf625666cb74161891f653a752c84de96`

* Tech.Comm Proposal #66 — [*Subscan*](https://crab.subscan.io/tech/66)

> *Hash* `0x57a60d9ff81dd880bc8fc5decea27b7b957b045385cc7f1aa16533b96e9ad629`

* Referenda #73 — [*Subscan*](https://crab.subscan.io/referenda/73)

> *Proposal Hash* `0x7d4879bdba28074fafea903400ed17206444f13877636fbc41dc40f3ead8954f`

# About Darwinia & Crab

[GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network) | [Website](https://darwinia.network/) | [Medium](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork) | [Twitter](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Telegram](https://t.me/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Discord](https://discord.gg/VcYFYETrw5)

[Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/) is a cross-chain messaging infrastructure, which provides a light client-based, programmable, universal cross-chain messaging network for decentralized applications. Now, we’ve successfully used [Darwinia’s light-client cross-chain messaging protocol(LCMP)](https://docs.darwinia.network/lcmp-overview) to bridge cross-chain messages between substrate-based chains, and even between substrate-based chains and EVM chains, meanwhile, Darwinia provides developers with an [SDK](https://docs.darwinia.network/sdk/api-reference), so they can easily integrate cross-chain capabilities into their Dapps. This will have profound implications for cross-chain interoperability, and Darwinia as a cross-chain messaging infrastructure will facilitate the building of a hybrid cross-chain network.

[Crab](https://crab.network/) is a canary network with real economic value for [Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/), positioning similar to Polkadot’s Kusama Network, which is a programmable cross-chain platform for Dapps. It is substrate-based, EVM-compatible, and connected to Kusama.

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Crab 1250 Runtime Upgrade

# 

# Function Development :

**PVP UI optimization**

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*laISet9OusjhRVOxpkpaBA.png)

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*laISet9OusjhRVOxpkpaBA.png)

With the launch of Apostle Arena, the UI of Apostle Battleground has become a bit outdated.

We have optimized the art style of Apostle Arena to make it look better.

**Ethereum->TRON cross-chain bridge closed**

Due to insufficient asset reserves of $KTON on the Ethereum->TRON cross-chain bridge, we will close the $KTON cross-chain transfer function in Evolution Land.

$KTON cross-chain services will be provided by Helix in the near future.

**Wombat Wallet Connected!**

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*FMwreH1MM6JAg77GwQZITw.png)

Wombat Wallet users could log in [portal.evolution.land](http://portal.evolution.land) and [arena.evolution.land](http://arena.evolution.land)

# Community :

# Partnership Announcement with Sabai

We are happy to collaborate with Sabai this month. To celebrate, we launched a giveaway together and is going on in C-wallet.

Click the below link and get a free RING and SABAI token.

## [Evolution Land & Sabai Ecoverse Giveaway](http://t.cwallet.com/EZEy)

### [Check out the awesome Campaign and Enter the Free international Giveaway for your chance to Win Ring & 30,000 SABAI…](http://t.cwallet.com/EZEy)

[t.cwallet.com](http://t.cwallet.com)

# AMA with Cryptomeda

At 8 pm on 24th October (UTC+8), Evolution Land hosted an AMA with Cryptomeda on discord.

In this event, we updated each other’s latest progress and discussed how to deal with the bear market. Evolution land will have further collaboration in the future. Let’s look forward to it!

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*nJaVCwNe0iRnDVZImIokTg.png)

# Evolution Land Halloween Meme Contest

As Halloween approaches, Evolution land host a meme contest on Twitter. Everyone can join it and we will select the top 3 winners based on the likes to send RINGs! <https://twitter.com/Evolution%5FLand/status/1585844189849272322?s=20>

bafyreibfmsapf2uggaal62v47rgx7nsw4f3o3sig5qkjytatn4qsfxht5u

Evolution Land October Recap

# Protocol Updates

1. Fix lock collateral issue in the fee market. [GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia-messages-substrate/pull/213)
2. Update fee market slash rule. [GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia-messages-substrate/pull/215)
3. LCMP x XCMP message router. [GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia-parachain/pull/141)
4. Message router supported Astar and Moonbeam.

# Darwinia Ecological Applications and Infrastructure Updates

1. [Moonbeam XCM integration with ](https://moonbeam.network/announcements/darwinia-xcm-integration/)`Darwinia Parachain`[ is available now!](https://moonbeam.network/announcements/darwinia-xcm-integration/)
2. [Parallel XCM integration with ](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1582290417588269057)`Darwinia Parachain`[ is now live!](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1582290417588269057)
3. [XCM integration between ](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1585112192739049472)`Darwinia Parachain`[ and Phala is now live!](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1585112192739049472)
4. [Bifrost and ](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1585515666152775680)`Darwinia Parachain`[ are now connected via XCM integration!](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1585515666152775680)
5. [Darwinia is now available in Nova Wallet: assets management made easy.](https://twitter.com/NovaWalletApp/status/1579422860354850816)
6. [Helix](https://helixbridge.app/apps), an aggregator of strictly selected bridges, [supports native token CRAB transfers from ](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1588416979337383936)`Crab Smart Chain`[ to ](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1588416979337383936)`Darwinia Smart Chain`.
7. October’s 7.5% CRAB + CKTON rewards from Crab Kusama Parachain Slot Auction have been delivered!
8. [Added ](https://www.notion.so/Darwinia-Support-5883f645ab844e7ca3c61273a3a0fa50)`support page`[ on the Darwinia Website, whether you’re new or just searching for a refresher, this page provides a wholesome overview of Darwinia!](https://www.notion.so/Darwinia-Support-5883f645ab844e7ca3c61273a3a0fa50)
9. The bridger state website shows our bridges running state. <https://bridger-state.vercel.app>
10. Posted `Darwinia Cross-Chain Messaging Network` series of articles: [Darwinia introduces LCMP-XCMP Router, implementing Cross-Chain Messaging between parachains and EVM-Compatible Darwinia Smart Chain](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-introduces-lcmp-xcmp-router-implementing-cross-chain-messaging-between-parachains-and-b9f6da2d0d75?source=collection%5Fhome---4------0-----------------------).
11. [The Darwinia Dev team is working on technical feasibility research and testing for merging Solo Chain and Parachain](https://bit.ly/3UDOLgD).
12. A brand new [Fee Market UI,](https://feemarket.darwinia.network/) besides UI/UX upgrade, added `Ethereum` <> `Darwinia Smart Chain` / `Crab Chain` <> `Crab Parachain` and the corresponding test network, added Relayer-related operation functions and optimized the display of order reward/slash distribution.

# Darwinia Community Events

1. Megan presented an overview of asset bridges vs. cross-chain messaging networks on Sama Nights on October 20th — [Link](https://twitter.com/i/spaces/1vAxRAlpDWXJl?s=20)
2. Darwinia Developers engaged in a technical discussion about trustless bridges for Polkadot on Polkassembly — [Link](https://forum.polkadot.network/t/decentralized-dot-eth-bridges-a-comparison-thread/777/12)
3. Darwinia Ambassador Mac (MacZam) attended the Polkadot en Espanol weekly talk on October 4th — [Link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b%5FP3k0ZoeIA)

# About Darwinia Network

[GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network) | [Website](https://darwinia.network/) | [Medium](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork) | [Twitter](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Telegram](https://t.me/DarwiniaNetwork)

Darwinia is a cross-chain messaging infrastructure, which provides a light client-based, programmable, universal cross-chain messaging network for decentralized applications. Now, we’ve successfully used [Darwinia’s light-client cross-chain messaging protocol(LCMP)](https://docs.darwinia.network/lcmp-overview) to bridge cross-chain messages between substrate-based chains, and even between substrate-based chains and EVM chains, meanwhile, Darwinia provides developers with an [SDK](https://docs.darwinia.network/sdk/api-reference), so they can easily integrate cross-chain capabilities into their Dapps. This will have profound implications for cross-chain interoperability, and Darwinia as a cross-chain messaging infrastructure will facilitate the building of a hybrid cross-chain network.

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Darwinia Highlights October | Monthly Recap

We're back again Friday for talk with rising star @JosiahKotzur1 from @DeStore_Network and their tech partner @AEM_Algorithm!


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[Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/), the cross-chain messaging infrastructure for decentralized applications, has announced cooperation with SnowSwap — an automated market-making (AMM) decentralized exchange (DEX), which has supported `Darwinia Smart Chain` and `Crab Smart Chain`. They focus on offering an integrated gateway to the DeFi world. Users can trade and earn without registration.

```
📌 SnowSwap on Darwinia Smart Chain: https://darwinia.snowswap.xyz/
📌 SnowSwap on Crab Smart Chain: https://snowswap.xyz/
```

# About SnowSwap

[SnowSwap](https://snowswap.xyz/#/swap) is an automated market-making (AMM) decentralized exchange (DEX), which has supported `Crab Smart Chain` and `Darwinia Smart Chain`. They focus on offering an integrated gateway to the DeFi world. Users can trade and earn without registration.

# About Darwinia Network

[GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network) | [Website](https://darwinia.network/) | [Medium](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork) | [Twitter](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Telegram](https://t.me/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Discord](https://discord.gg/VcYFYETrw5)

[Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/) is a cross-chain messaging infrastructure, which provides a light client-based, programmable, universal cross-chain messaging network for decentralized applications. Now, we’ve successfully used [Darwinia’s light-client cross-chain messaging protocol(LCMP)](https://docs.darwinia.network/lcmp-overview) to bridge cross-chain messages between substrate-based chains, and even between substrate-based chains and EVM chains, meanwhile, Darwinia provides developers with an [SDK](https://docs.darwinia.network/sdk/api-reference), so they can easily integrate cross-chain capabilities into their Dapps. This will have profound implications for cross-chain interoperability, and Darwinia as a cross-chain messaging infrastructure will facilitate the building of a hybrid cross-chain network.

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Darwinia and SnowSwap Partner To Launch DEX For Darwinia Smart Chain!

Join us again this Friday for another exciting AMA with Teun from Litentry team! We'll be talking about Decentralized ID and it's importance for cross-chain interoperability! 

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# Notable Changes

* Substrate monthly update — [*GitHub Pull Request*](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia/pull/952)
* Remove KTON `treasury` pallet from runtime - [*GitHub Pull Request*](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia/pull/952)
* Remove `crab-backing` pallet from runtime - [*GitHub Pull Request*](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia/pull/952)

# Release Details

* Runtime Version 1250 — [*GitHub Release*](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia/releases/tag/v0.12.5)
* Council Motion #58 — [*Subscan*](https://darwinia.subscan.io/council/58)

> *Hash* `0x80cda782aa772beba14fe0636a3cddb5632a276abd84c7baeb92cd68f6389bfd`

* Tech.Comm Proposal #30 — [*Subscan*](https://darwinia.subscan.io/tech/30)

> *Hash* `0x3d2869111e987ffcb69d2f19f29d93a8a5231b53d8a05517d14890194b0f29bd`

* Referenda #31 — [*Subscan*](https://darwinia.subscan.io/referenda/31)

> *Proposal Hash* `0xc3c55e4ca4739b95873489994c81e4965e3ec72f744676d64f982d4a96394068`

# About Darwinia Network

[GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network) | [Website](https://darwinia.network/) | [Medium](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork) | [Twitter](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Telegram](https://t.me/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Discord](https://discord.gg/VcYFYETrw5)

[Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/) is a cross-chain messaging infrastructure, which provides a light client-based, programmable, universal cross-chain messaging network for decentralized applications. Now, we’ve successfully used [Darwinia’s light-client cross-chain messaging protocol(LCMP)](https://docs.darwinia.network/protocols/lcmp-overview) to bridge cross-chain messages between substrate-based chains, and even between substrate-based chains and EVM chains, meanwhile, Darwinia provides developers with an [SDK](https://docs.darwinia.network/builder/solidity-sdk/api-reference), so they can easily integrate cross-chain capabilities into their Dapps. This will have profound implications for cross-chain interoperability, and Darwinia as a cross-chain messaging infrastructure will facilitate the building of a hybrid cross-chain network.

bafyreifttlwq7674racvfuyt7tjn2dsgvkxd5huozvgnrypjcfyjh47fzu

Darwinia 1250 Runtime Upgrade

# 

> “I found CRAB and WCRAB on `Crab Smart Chain`, and xWCRAB on `Darwinia Smart Chain`, what should I understand about these token symbols? And how can I get them?”

Let’s clear the token parameters of Crab chains first:

# Crab Chains Token Parameters

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*3v94oASSkvgwpM3pYW4ZeQ.png)

* `Crab Parachain` Native Token: CRAB
* `Crab Chain` Native Token: CRAB
* `Crab Smart Chain` Native Token: CRAB
* `Crab Smart Chain` Wrapped Token Of Native Token: WCRAB

```
WCRAB exists on Crab Smart Chain as the wrapped contract token of the native token CRAB, positioning similar to Ethereum's ETH and WETH.
```

```
📌 NOTE: In order to make the protocol more concise and understandable, the Dev Team has decided to research and test the technical feasibility of the merge between Crab Chain and Crab Parachain.
```

# Cross-Chain Mapping Token xWCRAB On Darwinia Smart Chain

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*sD2ux6cs2ZxHEDdSFNrFKQ.png)

* Cross-Chain Mapping Token Of WCRAB From `Crab Smart Chain` To `Darwinia Smart Chain`: xWCRAB

```
xWCRAB can be understood as a composite symbol, xWCRAB = x + [W + (CRAB)].
```

```
Crab Network (Crab) is a canary network with real economic value for Darwinia, positioning similar to Polkadot’s Kusama Network. As Darwinia’s canary network, all new things come to the Crab first to be tried in live, therefore, Crab also contains 3 chains correspondingly, which are Crab Chain, Crab Smart Chain, and Crab Parachain. Crab Smart Chain of Crab Network positioning is similar to Darwinia Network's Darwinia Smart Chain.
```

# How To Get xWCRAB On Darwinia Smart Chain?

* Wrap RING to WRING via [SnowSwap](https://darwinia.snowswap.xyz/)(DEX) on `Darwinia Smart Chain`, or wrap RING to WRING via [Helix](https://helixbridge.app/apps).
* The `xWCRAB/WRING` pool is available on [SnowSwap](https://darwinia.snowswap.xyz/), which allows users to swap WRING to xWCRAB.

```
SnowSwap on Darwinia Smart Chain: https://darwinia.snowswap.xyz/
```

```
Symbol: xWCRAB 

Chain: Darwinia Smart Chain 

Spec: ERC20 

Decimals: 18 

Smart Contract Address: 0x656567Eb75b765FC320783cc6EDd86bD854b2305
```

# How To Get The Native Token CRAB On Crab Smart Chain?

* Transfer xWCRAB on `Darwinia Smart Chain` and get the native token CRAB on `Crab Smart Chain` via [Helix](https://helixbridge.app/apps).

# How To Get Wrapped Token WCRAB On Crab Smart Chain?

* Wrap CRAB to WCRAB via [SnowSwap](https://snowswap.xyz/)(DEX) on `Crab Smart Chain`, or wrap CRAB to WCRAB via [Helix](https://helixbridge.app/apps).

```
SnowSwap on Crab Smart Chain: https://snowswap.xyz/ 

Helix: https://helixbridge.app/apps
```

```
Symbol: WCRAB 

Chain: Crab Smart Chain

Spec: ERC20

Decimals: 18 

Smart Contract Address: 0x2D2b97EA380b0185e9fDF8271d1AFB5d2Bf18329
```

# About Darwinia & Crab

[GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network) | [Website](https://darwinia.network/) | [Medium](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork) | [Twitter](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Telegram](https://t.me/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Discord](https://discord.gg/VcYFYETrw5)

[Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/) is a cross-chain messaging infrastructure, which provides a light client-based, programmable, universal cross-chain messaging network for decentralized applications. Now, we’ve successfully used [Darwinia’s light-client cross-chain messaging protocol(LCMP)](https://docs.darwinia.network/protocols/lcmp-overview) to bridge cross-chain messages between substrate-based chains, and even between substrate-based chains and EVM chains, meanwhile, Darwinia provides developers with an [SDK](https://docs.darwinia.network/builder/solidity-sdk/api-reference), so they can easily integrate cross-chain capabilities into their Dapps. This will have profound implications for cross-chain interoperability, and Darwinia as a cross-chain messaging infrastructure will facilitate the building of a hybrid cross-chain network.

[Crab](https://crab.network/) is a canary network with real economic value for [Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/), positioning similar to Polkadot’s Kusama Network, which is a programmable cross-chain platform for Dapps. It is substrate-based, EVM-compatible, and connected to Kusama.

bafyreibctvjsnmfhcc4uwdxdyok6vmgcwu4udjnip3gzbu6cbdrg3dvcum

What is xWCRAB On Darwinia Smart Chain?

# Dear community,

To make the Darwinia protocol more concise and understandable, the Darwinia Dev Team has decided to study the feasibility of merging `Darwinia Chain` and `Darwinia Parachain`, which is called Darwinia 2.0\. The latest research and testing progress of Darwinia 2.0 will be kept up to date with the community.

Darwinia 2.0 will consider updating the staking module, which allows users to earn staking rewards via nominating collator.

# Why consider updating the staking module?

Once merged, Darwinia 2.0 will benefit from the economic security provided by the Polkadot Relay Chain validators. So Darwinia validators are no longer needed to ensure Darwinia’s economic security. But Darwinia 2.0 still needs [collators](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-collator) to collect Darwinia’s transactions and produce state transition proofs for Relay Chain validators.

The responsibility of the collators is relatively small but also important. Users can still earn rewards by nominating collators. The reward ratio has not yet been determined, and the team will collect opinions from the community.

# About Darwinia Network

[GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network) | [Website](https://darwinia.network/) | [Medium](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork) | [Twitter](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Telegram](https://t.me/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Discord](https://discord.gg/VcYFYETrw5)

[Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/) is a cross-chain messaging infrastructure, which provides a light client-based, programmable, universal cross-chain messaging network for decentralized applications. Now, we’ve successfully used [Darwinia’s light-client cross-chain messaging protocol(LCMP)](https://docs.darwinia.network/protocols/lcmp-overview) to bridge cross-chain messages between substrate-based chains, and even between substrate-based chains and EVM chains, meanwhile, Darwinia provides developers with an [SDK](https://docs.darwinia.network/builder/solidity-sdk/api-reference), so they can easily integrate cross-chain capabilities into their Dapps. This will have profound implications for cross-chain interoperability, and Darwinia as a cross-chain messaging infrastructure will facilitate the building of a hybrid cross-chain network.

bafyreihnetioywirh5zafku2ehpo56o44u32urhxq7jq6cybkephwxdwvu

Darwinia 2.0 Will Upgrade Staking Module to Support Collators

Join us again tomorrow on @DarwiniaAMAs Twitter spaces at 18:00 UTC for an AMA with Teun from Litentry!

bafyreib64ank4n2hzzqrzzgpnixonzmio6gj5c74gvnw5kf2chnndwgejm

✨ November's 7.5% CRAB + CKTON rewards from Kusama Parachain Slot Auction have been delivered!

🎁 October & November's Crab/Darwinia PLO NFT rewards have been distributed! Kindly check your address and your rewards!

https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1593503689880506368

🥰 Kindly check your rewards, if you get a chest, you can directly log into @Evolution_Land to check it. If you get an apostle, please go to Pordria to claim it.

🔗Evolution Land: https://portal.evolution.land/land/3/my/chest
🔗Pordria: https://pordria.evolution.land/project-detail

bafyreife7jkuo3x3hyd3wxops7g7l3u2psfqxeonjuhnkfn3owtq67gsj4

✨Thrilled to announce that you can now choose your preferred wallet to sign transactions in Helix: @PolkadotJs @subwalletapp @Talisman @MathWallet for substrate chains; and @MetaMask or MathWallet for EVM chains!

bafyreicdawzipfwufwiidusmrtstjjsn6nomiopmpxsv5xbzyhnfs5wa7y

After publishing the article [Darwinia 2.0 Will Upgrade Staking Module](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-2-0-a12529362638), we received some feedback from the community. In the previous article, we explained that a staking module upgrade is required to perform the merge of Darwinia chains. In this article, we will explain the purpose of the merge in greater detail, what will change, and what will remain the same.

# Why The Merge?

Put simply: to reduce the complexity of Darwinia Network architecture. 

Currently, Darwinia core network includes 6 chains: `Darwinia Chain`, `Darwinia Smart Chain `(also known as the EVM module of `Darwinia Chain`), `Darwinia Parachain`, `Crab Chain`, `Crab Smart Chain`, and `Crab Parachain`. The first three belong to the Darwinia Mainnet, and the latter belong to Darwinia Canary Network.

The following figure shows Darwinia Network infrastructure before the merge:

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*HKV76aLOiH1sPnvSj_z6Mg.png)

The current design was determined and settled upon at a time the technology was immature; and there would have been many problems in the provision and decommission of any parachains. Therefore, Darwinia Network separated the responsibilities of the parachain from the solo chain (`Darwinia Chain` and `Crab Chain`) so they worked independently, and the parachain's governance maintained remotely on the `Darwinia Chain`, showcasing one practical application of Darwinia’s LCMP protocol and cross-chain message network. This approach worked well at the time.

However, this confused some users and caused misunderstanding among application developers; and having to develop and maintain six chains also slowed down progress of the team. further complicating and made governance far more complicated The governance of the parachain needs to be reached through a cross-chain procedure. In addition to that, during cross-chain, because of one more hop, cross-chain time and cost are all increased.

Now that the technology has matured, the Darwinia dev team is ready to readdress the issue. After conducting a feasibility study, we have decided to merge the `Darwinia Chain`, `Darwinia Smart Chain` and `Darwinia Parachain`, and of course, `Crab Chain`, `Crab Smart Chain` and `Crab Parachain`, as well. The goal, therefore, is to simplify Darwinia cross-chain message network, and reduce finality times and gas fees.

# After The Merge

The `Darwinia Chain`, `Darwinia Smart Chain `(also known as the EVM module of `Darwinia Chain`), and `Darwinia Parachain` will be merged into one chain. The name of the merged chain will be Darwinia, which will be secured by the shared security of Polkadot as a parachain.   
Similarly, the `Crab Chain` and `Crab Parachain` will be merged into one chain named Crab, which will be secured by the shared security of Kusama as a parachain.

The following figure shows Darwinia Network 2.0 infrastructure after the merge:

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*1SBAJ-DNJMQYrWfcwEcyZw.png)

# Changes In Cross-Chain Routes

After the merge, the most intuitive change will be that there is one less hop in the Darwinia cross-chain network.

For example, the original path of `Moonbeam <> Darwinia Parachain <> Darwinia Chain <> Ethereum` will become `Moonbeam <> Darwinia <> Ethereum`, and there will be a one hop reduction on all paths through the Darwinia cross-chain network.

More importantly, all cross-chain applications based on Darwinia cross-chain network will be simplified in their operation, and users will pay less for an enhanced cross-chain service.

# Inflation Model Remains Unchanged

After the merge, the economic model of Darwinia Network will remain unchanged, which means that the block reward will be the same, that is to say that the inflation rate will still remain the same.

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*9uGGRgISts8kWaAKkbmD9w.png)

# User Assets Unchanged

Once merged, since `Darwinia Chain` is a Polkadot parachain, and `Crab Chain` is a Kusama parachain, their economic and consensus security will be guaranteed by Polkadot and Kusama respectively, so `Darwinia Chain` and `Crab Chain` validators will no longer be needed.

The original validator’s role collecting transactions and producing blocks will be taken over by [collators](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-collator).

The responsibility of the collators will be relatively small, but nonetheless important, so collators will need to apply with a bond. Collators, like validators, will receive rewards from producing blocks, but their proportion will be smaller, as the responsibility is reduced. This reward ratio will ultimately be determined by the market, and token holders will still be able to earn rewards by nominating collators.

# Staking Adjustment

After removing the validators and adding new collators, the staking model will be adjusted accordingly.

Referring to the feasibility study, technically, it turns out that using the original staking pallet is too complicated and not suitable for staking on a parachain, so a new simplified staking module is needed, which the dev team is researching.

In addition, some adjustments will be made to the staking model because collators are not responsible for securing the entire Darwinia Network, and should therefore require less value at stake. Due to this, the proportion of the collator’s block reward may also be reduced accordingly, and ultimately this proportion may need to be determined by the market.

Because there may be fewer number of collators than validators, the reward obtained by a collator may not drop sharply, however, it is difficult to estimate what it might be. 

# Related Reading

* [Technical Feasibility Research and Test for Merging Solo Chain and Parachain](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/technical-feasibility-research-and-test-for-merging-solo-chain-and-parachain-8a440e5a089e)
* [Darwinia 2.0 Will Upgrade Staking Module, Which Allows Users To Earn Staking Rewards Via Nominating Collator](http://bit.ly/3hRR5Cf)
* [How To Understand The Three Types Of Chains In The Darwinia Network](https://www.notion.so/How-to-understand-the-three-types-of-chains-in-the-Darwinia-Network-1509a2d46d734bd993514e3e7298ace3)

# About Darwinia Network

[GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network) | [Website](https://darwinia.network/) | [Medium](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork) | [Twitter](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Telegram](https://t.me/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Discord](https://discord.gg/VcYFYETrw5)

[Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/) is a cross-chain messaging infrastructure, which provides a light client-based, programmable, universal cross-chain messaging network for decentralized applications. Now, we’ve successfully used [Darwinia’s light-client cross-chain messaging protocol(LCMP)](https://docs.darwinia.network/protocols/lcmp-overview) to bridge cross-chain messages between substrate-based chains, and even between substrate-based chains and EVM chains, meanwhile, Darwinia provides developers with an [SDK](https://docs.darwinia.network/builder/solidity-sdk/api-reference), so they can easily integrate cross-chain capabilities into their Dapps. This will have profound implications for cross-chain interoperability, and Darwinia as a cross-chain messaging infrastructure will facilitate the building of a hybrid cross-chain network.

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Darwinia 2.0 Merge Overview

In the previous [article](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-2-0-merge-overview-96af96d668aa), we gave an overview of the Darwinia chains merge. In this article, we will look at the unification of the address format and precision after the merge.

# Address Format Unification

We learned from the previous article that `Darwinia Chain`, `Darwinia Smart Chain` and `Darwinia Parachain` will be merged. Of these chains, `Darwinia Chain` and `Darwinia Parachain` use the [ss58 address format](https://polkadot.js.org/docs/keyring/start/ss58/) (`ss58 address`) while `Darwinia Smart Chain` uses the Ethereum-style H160 format (`H160 address`). After the merge, we will no longer need two different formats; they will be merged into a single H160 address.

# Why Use An H160 Address?

Considering Darwinia ‘users’ are actually developers, we have decided to simplify their experience, and make it even easier to build cross-chain Dapps.

Prior to the merge, the two address formats coexisted, with ss58 being inherited as the substrate framework’s default address format, and H160 address introduced later on in order to simplify Dapp development on the EVM smart contract platform. For a while, the two address formats were retained for forward compatibility, so Dapps could be developed using H160 addresses in the EVM, and the original on-chain functions using ss58 would not be affected.

However, the coexistence of both address formats had some disadvantages. For example, an H160 address can be converted to an ss58 and easily reverted back to its original format, but it’s impossible to convert an ss58 address to an H160 address, without the ss58 format address being derived from the H160 address to begin with.

With both address formats in use, it is rather confusing for new developers and users alike, especially when operations need to cross EVM-Substrate boundaries.

Therefore, we have considered and settled upon the unification of the Substrate and EVM format addresses as part of the scope of upgrades to Darwinia 2.0, which will leave H160 as the default.

## **No Need To Consider Different Address Formats Any Longer**

A unified address format will make the ecosystem more cohesive and intuitive for both developers and users, as many common operations will cease to require address conversion.

## **Unified Operation Interface**

Prior to the merge, applications such as <https://apps.darwinia.network/> needed to connect to both MetaMask and [polkadot{.js}](https://polkadot.js.org/extension/). Afterwards, users will only require a single wallet, which will be useful for all blockchain operations including core applications, where we perform staking actions and governance.

## **Easier Integration And Deployment To The EVM Infrastructure**

At present, EVM is the smart contract platform with the longest history, and it has accumulated a variety of excellent tools including wallets, development tools, development frameworks, etc.

When Darwinia is fully compatible with the H160 address format, we will be able to devote more time to the EVM ecosystem. Dapp developers will only need to consider using the EVM ecosystem tools that they are already familiar with, without worrying about incompatibility. And there will be no(or less) additional non-evm staff in Dapp development.

In addition, when third-party systems access Darwinia 2.0, they will only need to use the json-rpc API and rich SDKs that they are already very familiar with.

# Underlying Changes Of Address Format

The implications of making the changes required to unify the address formats are not trivial.

The ss58 address format is based on Substrate framework’s AccountId32 type; a product of the [sr25519](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-keys#what-is-sr25519-and-where-did-it-come-from) signature algorithm. Conversely, the H160 address is a product of the [ECDSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic%5FCurve%5FDigital%5FSignature%5FAlgorithm) signature algorithm. Considering the underlying cryptographic algorithms of the two formats are different, in order to change the address format, Darwinia will need to deprecate the sr25519 algorithm and use the ECDSA algorithm when signing transactions, instead. Fortunately, Substrate already supports ECDSA.

> *We only need to change the account keys signature scheme to ECDSA, while the signature algorithm used by session keys will remain unchanged.*

What Darwinia needs to do is to replace AccountId32 with the AccountId20 type. In the Substrate framework, AccountId20 is the wrapper for H160 addresses.

# Problems

While the Substrate framework has made it relatively easy to support H160 addresses, there are still some challenges.

Since there is no way to convert an sr25519 public key (AccountId32) to an H160 address without knowing its private key, the original assets or data under an ss58 address cannot automatically be migrated. In addition to that, third-party wallets may also need to modify the transaction signature algorithm to ECDSA.

Here are some of the problems we will encounter:

**1\. Migration of assets under ordinary substrate accounts**

Ordinary accounts are those ss58 addresses controlled by private keys.

When the new chain is ready, users will have to prepare the H160 address on the new chain, and then initiate a claim to migrate the assets from the original ss58 address to the new H160 address. There will be a tool for users to do this migration.

The private keys of the old and new addresses will both be owned by the users themselves, which will ensure the assets will always be under their control.

More details and tutorial will be provided soon.

**2\. Migration of assets under multi-sig accounts**

How the multi-sig account migration will work is not completely determined yet. In the new chain, the multi-sig functionality may be implemented through a multi-sig smart contract. Whether the original multi-sig functionality is retained or totally migrated to the new multi-sig contract is also under discussion.

In addition, the Darwinia multi-sig UI provided by third parties also needs to be adjusted, such as [the multi-sig tool provided by Subscan](https://multisig.subscan.io/).

**3\. Data migration of other account-related modules**

Data migration including Governance, Vesting, Proxy, Utils, etc. is still under discussion.

**4\. Wallets upgrade**

After replacing sr25519 signature algorithm with ECDSA, extrinsic will be signed using ECDSA. All wallets that support Darwinia will have to upgrade their signature algorithm as well.

# Precision Unification

Previous to the merge, we calculated native token values to both 9 and 18 digits of precision. 9 digits of precision for ss58 addresses, and 18 for H160 addresses after the introduction of EVM. We used 18 digits precision for H160 addresses so as to stay consistent with Ethereum. Staying consistent with Ethereum could reduce the developers learning curve.

Maintaining parallel account systems with varying levels of precision presented a challenge when transferring native tokens from ss58 addresses to H160 addresses and vice versa, which is why for this upgrade, a unified measurement of precision has naturally been included. After the merge, Darwinia protocol will become easier to understand and reduce the developer’s learning curve as well. In short, on Darwinia 2.0, native tokens will all have 18 digits of precision.

# About Darwinia Network

[GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network) | [Website](https://darwinia.network/) | [Medium](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork) | [Twitter](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Telegram](https://t.me/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Discord](https://discord.com/invite/aQdK9H4MZS)

[Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/) is a cross-chain messaging infrastructure, which provides a light client-based, programmable, universal cross-chain messaging network for decentralized applications. Now, we’ve successfully used [Darwinia’s light-client cross-chain messaging protocol(LCMP)](https://docs.darwinia.network/protocols/lcmp-overview) to bridge cross-chain messages between substrate-based chains, and even between substrate-based chains and EVM chains, meanwhile, Darwinia provides developers with an [SDK](https://docs.darwinia.network/builder/solidity-sdk/api-reference), so they can easily integrate cross-chain capabilities into their Dapps. This will have profound implications for cross-chain interoperability, and Darwinia as a cross-chain messaging infrastructure will facilitate the building of a hybrid cross-chain network.

bafyreiftqozydktidsjqzin3fr7ff6hbvrkuz4rsrfzlnj2o6upssgvo6u

Darwinia 2.0 Will Unify Address Format And Precision

# 

Protocol Updates

1\. Darwinia 2.0 protocol updates (follow and participate in the development). — [link](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia-2.0)

2\. Design and implement the new parachain staking pallet and its precompile.

3\. Design and implement the new deposit pallet and its precompile (extract the deposit part from the origin staking pallet).

4\. Use assets pallet to manage KTON.

5\. Use `H160` as the native account id type.

6\. [Crab 1250 Runtime Upgrade](https://bit.ly/3fH2Nz6).

7\. [Darwinia 1250 Runtime Upgrade](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-1250-runtime-upgrade-c4e354129bf7).

8\. Refactored bridger binaries to use unified libraries for s2s bridges, and refactor ETHv2 bridge.

9\. Ethereum beacon light client follow APIs spec.

# Darwinia Ecological Applications and Infrastructure Updates

1\. [Crab Network has won the 59th Kusama Parachain Slot](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/crab-network-has-won-the-59th-kusama-parachain-slot-37ab4b03cc28)! It’s the second auction that Crab Network has won, and Crab didn’t crowdloan this time.

2\. [Darwinia and SnowSwap partnership to launch DEX for ](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-and-snowswap-partnership-to-launch-dex-for-darwinia-smart-chain-6dfaefd9077a)`Darwinia Smart Chain`!

3\. November’s 7.5% CRAB + CKTON rewards from Crab Kusama Parachain Slot Auction have been delivered!

4.[ October & November’s Crab and Darwinia PLO NFT rewards have been distributed](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1593503689880506368)!

5\. Posted `Darwinia 2.0` series of articles:

* [Darwinia 2.0 merge overview](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-2-0-merge-overview-96af96d668aa).
* [Darwinia 2.0 will upgrade the staking module, which allows users to earn staking rewards via nominating collator](http://bit.ly/3hRR5Cf).

6\. Posted `FAQs` series of articles:

* [How to understand the token symbol xWCRAB on ](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/how-to-understand-token-symbol-xwcrab-on-darwinia-smart-chain-8c765c53120e)`Darwinia Smart Chain`?
* [How does Darwinia understand cross-chain](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/how-does-darwinia-understand-cross-chain-61b816245f7e)?

7\. Ledger App for Darwinia Parachain has been developed by Zondax Team, which is currently under review by Ledger.

8\. Internal security audit of SDK.

9\. [Darwinia community is built on discord](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1585834132336017408?s=20&t=i3Jx-4egm4Z7fseTQdtWWw)! Let’s look forward to more events on it!

# Darwinia Community Events

1\. [Darwinia Halloween meme contest ended](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1585834132336017408?s=20&t=i3Jx-4egm4Z7fseTQdtWWw).

2\. Darwinia Quiz Game #1 will be started at 7 PM, 29/11/2022(CST TIME)! Join our [Discord](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1585834132336017408?s=20&t=i3Jx-4egm4Z7fseTQdtWWw) and get RINGs!

3\. Darwinia hosted DeStore for an AMA and talk about decentralized phygital marketplaces for Polkadot on November 11th — [link](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaAMAs/status/1591150120825147392?s=20&t=oSKpLrMUEPR0X8PWYl8aDQ)

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*6LHZbbIBExCPUqmIN04PfQ.jpeg)

4\. Darwinia hosted Litentry for an AMA and talk about decentralized identities and how credentials can be aggregated across chains on November 18th — [link](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaAMAs/status/1591150120825147392?s=20&t=oSKpLrMUEPR0X8PWYl8aDQ)

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*bBBYVeqNqxj0NSs5ckYoJA.jpeg)

5\. Darwinia hosted Robonomics team for an AMA and talk about their decentralized sensor/trigger network and its role in cross-chain automation on November 25th — [link](https://twitter.com/i/spaces/1vAxRAYEpjVJl?s=20)

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*e0NRdHQ99WDJvlqi7v3K9Q.jpeg)

# About Darwinia Network

[GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network) | [Website](https://darwinia.network/) | [Medium](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork) | [Twitter](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Telegram](https://t.me/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Discord](https://discord.gg/VcYFYETrw5)

[Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/) is a cross-chain messaging infrastructure, which provides a light client-based, programmable, universal cross-chain messaging network for decentralized applications. Now, we’ve successfully used [Darwinia’s light-client cross-chain messaging protocol(LCMP)](https://docs.darwinia.network/protocols/lcmp-overview) to bridge cross-chain messages between substrate-based chains, and even between substrate-based chains and EVM chains, meanwhile, Darwinia provides developers with an [SDK](https://docs.darwinia.network/builder/solidity-sdk/api-reference), so they can easily integrate cross-chain capabilities into their Dapps. This will have profound implications for cross-chain interoperability, and Darwinia as a cross-chain messaging infrastructure will facilitate the building of a hybrid cross-chain network.

bafyreicz237yxuwvw6ewcb47nxgyjkscx33st4ycjzyb7uv4lnpb6e6lbu

Darwinia Highlights November | Monthly Recap

Join us this Friday for the Bifrost community call with Darwinia and Mangata Finance! We’ll be talking about our newly opened channels and some cross-chain use-cases!

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# 

Now that research is complete and [community feedback is being taken into consideration](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia/discussions/960), the new design of the staking mechanism is nearly finalized.

# Why Make Adjustments?

Darwinia solo chain, to which the old staking mechanism belongs, will cease operation after the merge according to the [Darwinia 2.0 merge](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-2-0-merge-overview-96af96d668aa) detailed in the previous article. Darwinia solo chain uses [Nominated Proof-Of-Stake](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/en/glossary#nominated-proof-of-stake-npos) consensus (NPoS) to produce blocks and determine the active set of validators, which are chosen depending on their total amount at stake.

After the merge, Darwinia 2.0 will exist only as a parachain protected by the shared security of the Polkadot Relay Chain, which will take over responsibility for block production and make Darwinia 2.0 validators redundant and unnecessary. Blocks on Darwinia 2.0 will instead be sequenced and transmitted to Relay Chain Validators by [Collators](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-collator), which do not rely on an independent method of consensus with value at stake, and therefore necessitates a change to the staking model.

# Collators

The Darwinia 2.0 staking system’s most significant difference is that validators will start to drop off the network as collators join.

The NPoS consensus model employed by Darwinia solo chain is unnecessarily complex for use on a parachain. Based on their total stake in the network, collators will be chosen by Darwinia 2.0 to produce blocks and support block liveliness using a simplified [Delegated Proof of Stake](https://en.bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/DPoS) (DPoS) consensus process.

Darwinia 2.0’s block production mechanism will be part of [Polkadot’s Proof-of-Stake model](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-consensus), with parachain collators and relay chain validators. The [parachain collators](https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-collator) gather transactions and state transition proofs, then send blocks to validators on the relay chain for finalization. These will be checked by relay chain validators, who will then produce relay chain blocks.

# Delegators

In the new DPoS system, delegators will replace nominators. Delegators are users who decide to delegate value at stake to a collator on the network.

# Staking Rules

Almost all of the staking rules will remain the same, with the exception of these two:

1. A delegator (an account) can delegate value at stake to **only one collator**. If the delegator is a collator, he may also select himself.
2. Unlike before, bonding will no longer be required before staking, so the procedure will be completed in a single step.

The rules remain the same:

1. Stakable value includes RING, KTON, and anything in DEPOSIT.
2. Users will have the option to change their assigned collator instantly with no delays.
3. Unstaked RING, KTON, or DEPOSITs will take 14 days to become redeemable, and will have to be manually claimed after the waiting period for available balance(s) to be updated. Deposits will enter a not-in-staking state.

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/875/1*OTkxbp3etFPii2PYkNYVRA.png)

> *Users are encouraged to commit to holding RING for a long time by making a Darwinia DEPOSIT. A DEPOSIT is the note created by this procedure if the user agrees to lock RING for 1 to 36 months in return for KTON. The DEPOSITs and KTON minted can be used to stake, although technically the operation does not belong to the staking model.*
> 
> *The DEPOSIT rules will remain mostly unchanged from the previous model:*
> 
> *· Staking users receive KTON as a reward for locking RING for 1–36 months.*
> 
> *· If users choose to unlock their DEPOSIT early, they will be charged three times as many KTON as they received.*
> 
> *· Mature deposits shall be manually withdrawn, and these RINGs will be added to your free balance.*

# Staking Reward

Since collators undertake a different responsibility, some parameters in the staking rewards model will be adjusted.

# The Inflation Rate

The quantity of RING awarded as block rewards will not change; the inflation rate will stay the same as before.

As of 13/09/2022, the inflation rate is approximately 4.87%.

# Reward Distribution

1. Collators will share **20%** of the block rewards. By comparison, on Darwinia 1.0, **50%** of the block rewards were given to validators. **This is the most significant modification to the staking model.**
2. From the 20% block rewards, collators will receive their commission fees first.
3. Delegators will receive a portion of the leftover rewards after their assigned collator has received commission, and delegators receive rewards based on their share of power, which is determined by their percentage of the value backing their assigned collator.

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/875/1*o7HBcubhiby1e6ju-47WgA.png)

# How To Be A Collator

Anyone who submits a session key and commission fee rate can apply to be a collator. After the candidate has been chosen, proposed blocks will be signed using the session key. According to the backing they have received, the system will rank the active and waiting collators, and the top N will become the collators for the following session.

Once you have been chosen as a candidate for collator, you should be prepared with:

* A machine that satisfies the prerequisites for collator activities.
* An account to stake funds and collect rewards.
* A synchronized and running full node on the machine.
* Capacity to monitor and manage the machine 24/7 and the services it hosts.

Detailed information will be available soon in the Collator Guide.

# What Should Validators Do?

Once Darwinia 2.0 is online, validators will cease operation automatically without further intervention.

If validators do not apply to become collators, then their machines and full nodes can be safely decommissioned. If a validator wants to apply to become a collator, they can keep their machine, but the full node software will need to be updated to the latest Darwinia 2.0 binary.

It is to be noted that collators have higher system requirements than validators, so the original validators’ machines may need to be upgraded before they can continue to be used for collators.

The exact time of Darwinia 2.0 launch has not yet been determined.

# Upgrading To Darwinia 2.0 Through On-Chain Governance

The development of Darwinia 2.0 is in progress by the core team, but the final upgrade will be done through the on-chain governance on Darwinia 1.0\. So the production launch of Darwinia 2.0 will be a community-wide effort.

The core team will submit a proposal to the referendum that will cover all of the upgrade’s components in addition to educating the community about it through this series of articles. All community members will then have the right to vote on the proposal in accordance with their personal expectations.

# Related Reading

* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Technical Feasibility Research And Test for Merging Solo Chain and Parachain](https://bit.ly/3UDOLgD)
* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Darwinia 2.0 Merge Overview](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-2-0-merge-overview-96af96d668aa)
* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Darwinia 2.0 Will Upgrade Staking Module, Which Allows Users To Earn Staking Rewards Via Nominating Collator](http://bit.ly/3hRR5Cf)
* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Darwinia 2.0 Will Unify Address Format And Precision](http://bit.ly/3Fdpbd8)
* \[Darwinia 1.0\] [How To Understand The Three Types Of Chains In The Darwinia Network](https://www.notion.so/1509a2d46d734bd993514e3e7298ace3)

# About Darwinia Network

[GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network) | [Website](https://darwinia.network/) | [Medium](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork) | [Twitter](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Telegram](https://t.me/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Discord](https://discord.gg/24SFuXM4)

[Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/) is a cross-chain messaging infrastructure, which provides a light client-based, programmable, universal cross-chain messaging network for decentralized applications. Now, we’ve successfully used [Darwinia’s light-client cross-chain messaging protocol(LCMP)](https://docs.darwinia.network/protocols/lcmp-overview) to bridge cross-chain messages between substrate-based chains, and even between substrate-based chains and EVM chains, meanwhile, Darwinia provides developers with an [SDK](https://docs.darwinia.network/builder/solidity-sdk/api-reference), so they can easily integrate cross-chain capabilities into their Dapps. This will have profound implications for cross-chain interoperability, and Darwinia as a cross-chain messaging infrastructure will facilitate the building of a hybrid cross-chain network.

bafyreib7fjpwtp3igrpeig27bhdeg7lt6aofo3evdbu653drlrjgni6aui

Darwinia 2.0 Staking Mechanism Adjustments

# 

The recent publishing of the [Darwinia 2.0 Staking Mechanism Adjustments](https://bit.ly/3FMYo7V) article prompted a lively [discussion](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia/discussions) in the community, and inquiries about specific aspects of the adjustments, which we will summarize and address below:

> 1\. “Why will the number of collators be reduced in Darwinia 2.0 compared to the number of validators in Darwinia 1.0?”

In Darwinia 1.0, the Darwinia solo chain is independent, with its own consensus, which relies on validators and value at stake to guarantee the economic security of the system; and too few of those validators increase the degree to which the Darwinia Network is centralized.

Darwinia 2.0, however, will be secured by the Polkadot Relay Chain validators, so will not require its own consensus model with value at stake.

Instead, collators will maintain Darwinia 2.0 by aggregating transactions into parachain block candidates, and producing state transition proofs for Relay Chain validators based on those blocks. Unlike validators, collators do not secure the network. If a Darwinia 2.0 block is deemed invalid, it will be rejected by Relay Chain validators. As a result, a collators’ responsibility is significantly reduced.

Actually, a single collator is sufficient for Darwinia 2.0 to function as a parachain, and while redundancy of collators is beneficial for reliability and stability, it does not result in increased performance, or enhance the security of the Polkadot network.

Overall, the number of collators in Darwinia 2.0 will be quite a bit smaller than the number of validators in Darwinia 1.0.

> 2\. “How many collators will be in Darwinia 2.0?”

We are expecting that around 1/3 of the previous number of validators will be required.

> 3\. “In the previous [blog](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-2-0-staking-mechanism-adjustments-1530a9175f8e) article it was mentioned that Darwinia 2.0 collator rewards will be `20%` of the block rewards, but currently the Darwinia 1.0 validator rewards are set at `50%` of the block rewards, does this mean that the collator rewards will drop significantly?”

No. The `20%` is not final and may ultimately need to be decided by a vote. The current general opinion of the community is ≥ `30%`(some of the opinions are `40%`).

According to calculations, collator income won’t decrease considerably because there will be fewer collators than validators. With the same commission, a collator’s income will likely be higher than a validator’s.

> 4\. “How are the delegator’s rewards calculated?”

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*1Oj7pyHgyJ0ALapqyOJc5Q.png)

totalStaking is the collator’s total backing.

> 5\. ”As mentioned in the previous [blog](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-2-0-staking-mechanism-adjustments-1530a9175f8e) article, in Darwinia 2.0, delegators will only be able to select one collator. Why only one collator?”

This is only the current approach in order to simplify the staking system and make bugs less likely at the beginning. You can still choose more than one collator actually, it’s just a little more complicated. To begin with, using several accounts will allow you to select more than one collator.

In the near future, the staking system will allow for the selection of multiple collators by a single account.

> 6\. “In the case of [selecting only one collator](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-2-0-staking-mechanism-adjustments-1530a9175f8e), if the collator suddenly raises the commission, what should I do, can I change to another collator, and is there a waiting period when I change the collator?”

Yes, you can switch to a different collator without any delay.

In order to get the best staking returns, it is necessary to check the collator you have chosen frequently. If you notice a decrease in earnings, you should check to see if your collator has raised their commission level.

# Related Reading

* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Technical Feasibility Research And Test for Merging Solo Chain and Parachain](https://bit.ly/3UDOLgD)
* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Darwinia 2.0 Merge Overview](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-2-0-merge-overview-96af96d668aa)
* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Darwinia 2.0 Will Upgrade Staking Module, Which Allows Users To Earn Staking Rewards Via Nominating Collator](http://bit.ly/3hRR5Cf)
* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Darwinia 2.0 Will Unify Address Format And Precision](http://bit.ly/3Fdpbd8)
* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Darwinia 2.0 Staking Mechanism Adjustments](https://bit.ly/3FMYo7V)
* \[Darwinia 1.0\] [How To Understand The Three Types Of Chains In The Darwinia Network](https://www.notion.so/1509a2d46d734bd993514e3e7298ace3)

# About Darwinia Network

[GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network) | [Website](https://darwinia.network/) | [Medium](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork) | [Twitter](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Telegram](https://t.me/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Discord](https://discord.gg/VcYFYETrw5)

[Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/) is a cross-chain messaging infrastructure, which provides a light client-based, programmable, universal cross-chain messaging network for decentralized applications. Now, we’ve successfully used [Darwinia’s light-client cross-chain messaging protocol(LCMP)](https://docs.darwinia.network/protocols/lcmp-overview) to bridge cross-chain messages between substrate-based chains, and even between substrate-based chains and EVM chains, meanwhile, Darwinia provides developers with an [SDK](https://docs.darwinia.network/builder/solidity-sdk/api-reference), so they can easily integrate cross-chain capabilities into their Dapps. This will have profound implications for cross-chain interoperability, and Darwinia as a cross-chain messaging infrastructure will facilitate the building of a hybrid cross-chain network.

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FAQs For Darwinia 2.0 Staking Mechanism Adjustments

# 

# Principles Of Data Migration

# Keep The Ledger Consistent

The Darwinia 2.0 blockchain ledger will be identical to the Darwinia 1.0 ledger in every way. This means that neither the number of accounts nor the balances of the accounts will change as a result of this upgrade.

```
💡 All balances will have 18 digits of precision in Darwinia 2.0. Therefore, 
the underlying raw balance of the Darwinia 1.0 substrate account will be 10⁹ 
larger than it previously was. The balance’s value will stay the same, 
nevertheless.
```

```
💡 Due to Darwinia 2.0 not using an identical set of pallets from Darwinia 1.0, 
for example the Darwinia 1.0 consensus mechanism, some outdated data will be 
removed. These data does not affect the ledger.
```

# Verifiable

Public access to data and the migration procedure is paramount, and will be available every step of the way during the merge. The source code will be posted on the GitHub repository, and freely available for inspection by anyone. The Darwinia 2.0 genesis file will be created based on `Darwinia Chain` and `Darwinia Parachain`, and will maintain a record of every state change that must eventually be transferred to Darwinia 2.0 at the specific time (block height).

Darwinia 2.0’s genesis file will be made available early in the process, and all of the code will be open-source.

# Migration Process

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*vwRYh-ybjnOYsvrs1vVvPA.png)

# Preparation Of Migration Tool

## [GitHub - darwinia-network/darwinia-2.0: Preparation for Darwinia 2.0](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia-2.0)

### [You can't perform that action at this time. You signed in with another tab or window. You signed out in another tab or…](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia-2.0)

[github.com](http://github.com)

What the tool does:

1. Takes a snapshot of both`Darwinia Chain` and `Darwinia Parachain` at a certain height.
2. Merges the chain data.
3. Builds Darwinia 2.0’s genesis file in JSON format.

# Snapshot Of Darwinia 1.0

Anyone can use the migration tool once it is ready to take a snapshot of Darwinia 1.0, and both the snapshot results and the Darwinia 2.0 genesis file subsequently produced will be accessible to all users.

# On-Chain Voting

A Darwinia 1.0 on-chain governance proposal will be prepared before the actual migration.

This proposal will provide all relevant details on the migration as well as an executable WASM binary that will halt Darwinia 1.0.

The WASM bytecode will execute on-chain and halt Darwinia 1.0 after the proposal is approved.

# Launch Of Darwinia 2.0

The collators will utilize the Darwinia 2.0 genesis file to bootstrap Darwinia 2.0 blockchain network, and will be fully launched at the point in time the collators have synced the full node data, and are gossiping amongst their connected peers about new block candidates.

# Account Migration

Users on Darwinia 1.0 should migrate their accounts to Darwinia 2.0.

Users will need to take manual action after Darwinia 2.0 launches in order to transfer data protected by their private keys from their old accounts to their new accounts. This is because of [the change in address format](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-2-0-will-unify-address-format-and-precision-309ad9a20bf2).

```
The accounts on Darwinia Smart Chain (EVM) can be used immediately on 
Darwinia 2.0 without having to make an account migration.

Why? Because they use the same encryption algorithm, the accounts for 
Darwinia 2.0 and Darwinia Smart Chain are identical. When Darwinia 2.0 
launches, these accounts will be read straight from Genesis into the new 
system pallet. As a result, users of Darwinia 2.0 can immediately access these 
accounts by using their Darwinia Smart Chain private key.
```

The user must supply a new H160 address when migrating. The new H160 address needs to be **a brand new address** managed by the new private key for the user.

```
What is a brand new address?

1. This address cannot be a previously used on-chain address.
2. You hold this address's private key. This address is not from any 
third-party platform.
3. This new address was created using a reputable wallet, like MetaMask.
```

The account migration is a process of associating the user’s data from Darwinia 1.0 (including ledger data) with the user’s new Darwinia 2.0 account (H160 address). You can only migrate an account for which you have its private key because the process requires confirmation and closing of a signature dialog box in order to approve the data transfer to the new account.

Account migration will perform the following:

1. All free tokens will be migrated to the new account.
2. RING locked by `phragmen election`, `democracy`, and `fee market` pallets will be released.
3. RING locked in the `vesting` pallet will remain locked in the `vesting` pallet.
4. After claiming, staked RING, KTON, and DEPOSITs will be in the bonded state.

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*4NQMSxLcV59T4DTHIGcKzQ.png)

# After Account Migration

# For Bonded RING / KTON / DEPOSITs

Due to [a change in the staking mechanism](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-2-0-staking-mechanism-adjustments-1530a9175f8e), RING / KTON / DEPOSITs being staked on Darwinia 1.0 will not be automatically staked after the migration, i.e. they will not automatically start to generate earnings without manual intervention.

After migrating, you will have two options:

1. Unbonding and not continuing to stake.
2. By selecting a collator, you enter the new staking system and become a delegator.

![](https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*bLerYND5G4-REcoOwahdgw.png)

# For Those Who Want To Participate in On-chain Activities

If you participated in on-chain activities in Darwinia 1.0, you will need to rejoin in Darwinia 2.0 if you want to continue participating in Darwinia 2.0, which may re-lock some of your RING mainly for the purpose of:

1. Participating in democracy.
2. Becoming a relayer and participating in the fee market.

# More Details

## [Darwinia 2.0 🚀 · Issue #9 · darwinia-network/darwinia-2.0](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia-2.0/issues/9)

### [You can't perform that action at this time. You signed in with another tab or window. You signed out in another tab or…](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia-2.0/issues/9)

[github.com](http://github.com)

## [Pallet Storage Migration List · Issue #26 · darwinia-network/darwinia-2.0](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia-2.0/issues/26)

### [You can't perform that action at this time. You signed in with another tab or window. You signed out in another tab or…](https://github.com/darwinia-network/darwinia-2.0/issues/26)

[github.com](http://github.com)

# Related Reading

* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Technical Feasibility Research And Test for Merging Solo Chain and Parachain](https://bit.ly/3UDOLgD)
* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Darwinia 2.0 Merge Overview](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork/darwinia-2-0-merge-overview-96af96d668aa)
* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Darwinia 2.0 Will Upgrade Staking Module, Which Allows Users To Earn Staking Rewards Via Nominating Collator](http://bit.ly/3hRR5Cf)
* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Darwinia 2.0 Will Unify Address Format And Precision](http://bit.ly/3Fdpbd8)
* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [Darwinia 2.0 Staking Mechanism Adjustments](https://bit.ly/3FMYo7V)
* \[Darwinia 2.0\] [FAQs For Darwinia 2.0 Staking Mechanism Adjustments](https://bit.ly/3hTuzcO)
* \[Darwinia 1.0\] [How To Understand The Three Types Of Chains In The Darwinia Network](https://www.notion.so/1509a2d46d734bd993514e3e7298ace3)

# About Darwinia Network

[GitHub](https://github.com/darwinia-network) | [Website](https://darwinia.network/) | [Medium](https://medium.com/darwinianetwork) | [Twitter](https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Telegram](https://t.me/DarwiniaNetwork) | [Discord](https://discord.gg/VcYFYETrw5)

[Darwinia](https://darwinia.network/) is a cross-chain messaging infrastructure, which provides a light client-based, programmable, universal cross-chain messaging network for decentralized applications. Now, we’ve successfully used [Darwinia’s light-client cross-chain messaging protocol(LCMP)](https://docs.darwinia.network/protocols/lcmp-overview) to bridge cross-chain messages between substrate-based chains, and even between substrate-based chains and EVM chains, meanwhile, Darwinia provides developers with an [SDK](https://docs.darwinia.network/builder/solidity-sdk/api-reference), so they can easily integrate cross-chain capabilities into their Dapps. This will have profound implications for cross-chain interoperability, and Darwinia as a cross-chain messaging infrastructure will facilitate the building of a hybrid cross-chain network.

bafyreifxhnyn7k2uvamrm6eyehfrcapapfawoibjdm2ts3kroa2fmwiza4

Darwinia 2.0 Blockchain Data Migration

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Darwinia

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Evolution Land

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Darwinia Network

Darwinia Network is a highly-secure programmable cross-chain messaging infrastructure for decentralized applications. Our light-client cross-chain messaging protocol (LCMP) supports arbitrary message passing between Substrate chains, and between Substrate and EVM chains, and SDK empower...

Protocol Updates

Fix lock collateral issue in the fee market. GitHub

Update fee market slash rule. GitHub

LCMP x XCMP message router. GitHub

Message router supported Astar and Moonbeam.

Darwinia Ecological Applications and Infrastructure Updates

Moonbeam XCM integration with Darwinia...

Now that research is complete and community feedback is being taken into consideration, the new design of the staking mechanism is nearly finalized.

Why Make Adjustments?

Darwinia solo chain, to which the old staking mechanism belongs, will cease operation after the merge according to the...

“I found CRAB and WCRAB on Crab Smart Chain, and xWCRAB on Darwinia Smart Chain, what should I understand about these token symbols? And how can I get them?”

Let’s clear the token parameters of Crab chains first:

Crab Chains Token Parameters



Crab Parachain Native Token: CRAB

Crab Chain...

Function Development :

PVP UI optimization





With the launch of Apostle Arena, the UI of Apostle Battleground has become a bit outdated.

We have optimized the art style of Apostle Arena to make it look better.

Ethereum->TRON cross-chain bridge closed

Due to insufficient asset reserves of...

We're back again Friday for talk with rising star @JosiahKotzur1 from @DeStore_Network and their tech partner @AEM_Algorithm!

Evolution Land is a blockchain-based play to earn metaverse game that is designed to support cross-chain interactions! The game will have up to 26 continents, each deployed on a different public blockchain.
Five continents have been built so far and are deployed on Ethereum (Atlantis), Tron...

Darwinia Network is a programmable cross-chain messaging infrastructure for decentralized applications. Our light client-based cross-chain messaging protocol (LCMP) supports arbitrary message passing between Substrate and EVM chains, and SDK empowers developers with the tools necessary to build...

Protocol Updates

1\. Darwinia 2.0 protocol updates (follow and participate in the development). — link

2\. Design and implement the new parachain staking pallet and its precompile.

3\. Design and implement the new deposit pallet and its precompile (extract the deposit part from the origin...

After publishing the article Darwinia 2.0 Will Upgrade Staking Module, we received some feedback from the community. In the previous article, we explained that a staking module upgrade is required to perform the merge of Darwinia chains. In this article, we will explain the purpose of the merge...

The recent publishing of the Darwinia 2.0 Staking Mechanism Adjustments article prompted a lively discussion in the community, and inquiries about specific aspects of the adjustments, which we will summarize and address below:

1\. “Why will the number of collators be reduced in Darwinia 2.0...

Darwinia, the cross-chain messaging infrastructure for decentralized applications, has announced cooperation with SnowSwap — an automated market-making (AMM) decentralized exchange (DEX), which has supported Darwinia Smart Chain and Crab Smart Chain. They focus on offering an integrated gateway...

✨ November's 7.5% CRAB + CKTON rewards from Kusama Parachain Slot Auction have been delivered!

🎁 October & November's Crab/Darwinia PLO NFT rewards have been distributed! Kindly check your address and your rewards!

https://twitter.com/DarwiniaNetwork/status/1593503689880506368

🥰 Kindly check...

Join us again this Friday for another exciting AMA with Teun from Litentry team! We'll be talking about Decentralized ID and it's importance for cross-chain interoperability!

Dear community,

We’re thrilled to announce that Crab Network has won the 59th Kusama Parachain slot and has been awarded the Para ID 2229! It’s the second auction that Crab Network has won, and Crab didn’t crowdloan this time.

The current Crab Parachain (Para ID: 2105) lease period is 25-26...

Notable Changes

Substrate monthly update — GitHub Pull Request

Transfer Crab Parachain backing assets to Helix DAO — GitHub Pull Request

Remove KTON treasury from runtime — GitHub Pull Request

Release Details

Runtime Version 1250 — GitHub Release

Council Motion #111 — Subscan

Hash...

In the previous article, we gave an overview of the Darwinia chains merge. In this article, we will look at the unification of the address format and precision after the merge.

Address Format Unification

We learned from the previous article that Darwinia Chain, Darwinia Smart Chain and Darwinia...

Notable Changes

Substrate monthly update — GitHub Pull Request

Remove KTON treasury pallet from runtime - GitHub Pull Request

Remove crab-backing pallet from runtime - GitHub Pull Request

Release Details

Runtime Version 1250 — GitHub Release

Council Motion #58 — Subscan

Hash...

Principles Of Data Migration

Keep The Ledger Consistent

The Darwinia 2.0 blockchain ledger will be identical to the Darwinia 1.0 ledger in every way. This means that neither the number of accounts nor the balances of the accounts will change as a result of this upgrade.



Verifiable

Public...

Dear community,

To make the Darwinia protocol more concise and understandable, the Darwinia Dev Team has decided to study the feasibility of merging Darwinia Chain and Darwinia Parachain, which is called Darwinia 2.0. The latest research and testing progress of Darwinia 2.0 will be kept up to...

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