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To get technology like today's Starlink internet systems and the Iridium phone network, we’d need other pieces of technology to help leverage that. For instance, we’d need reliable radiocommunication and telemetry systems as well as a robust failsafe hardware design to ensure that we wouldn’t have to deal with ongoing failures in the harsh orbital environment. One of the biggest hurdles to overcome though, would be the development of launch technology that was both reliable and affordable. In fact, this was so relevant, that even today companies like SpaceX aim to bring sustainability into their designs, hoping to make launches far more affordable. It’s fair to say though, that Space Shuttle designs contributed much to this technology. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*sE8LJA4zyArVxSSljajF-g.png)

**The Saturn-V would take man to the moon via the Apollo Program. However, the Saturn was expensive, and not re-usable. Source: Wikipedia.**

### Early Developments 

Most people understand now how relevant the space race would end up becoming in the post-war era. And while it wasn’t just focusing on exploration, communication and development, the whole battle for satellites and the race to the moon would become pivotal parts of cold-war era culture. 

When Sputnik raced overhead the United States in 1957 it wasn’t that tiny transmitting beacon that intimidated some people. It was the realisation that the USSR was able to do it first. And that got people thinking of other things flying overhead. Namely, the soon to arrive, Intercontinental Ballistic missiles like the UGM-27 Polaris. 

While the United States would eventually win the race to the moon, the battle for space dominance would continue into the 1980s, firstly with the concept of the Strategic Defensive Initiative (Starwars) and later with the development of the ASM-135 ASAT anti-satellite weapon. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*g_wOy8vll5ZnTsstEbiROw.png)

**The ASM-135 ASAT was launched by a modified F-15 Eagle and could attack targets up to 400mi Altitude. Source: Wikipedia.**

An American ASAT capability was realised when the defunct SOLWIND P-78 satellite was destroyed with the new design, ushering in a new era in the realities around warfare in space. 

Because of all this, both the US and the USSR realised early that to leverage space reliably, a new design ethos would need to be developed. Rather than simply leave residual launch components in orbit as waste, both sides would look to develop reusable and modular launch systems that could be overhauled between uses. The battle was on. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*xW-DWcCRLMlInCGd.jpg)

**The ASM-135 was a large weapon, with around 15 built. It was retired in the late 1980s soon after becoming operational. Source: Wikipedia.**

### The Space Shuttle

History shows us that it would be the Americans that would best leverage the design, with their space shuttle concept reaching production and providing much in the way of benefits to NASA’s space program. Due to its large payload bay and ability to re-use its Solid Rock Boosters, the shuttle provided the first steps towards proving the ability of modular systems to contribute to modern space programs. 

While it would struggle to meet some project and performance goals in the long term, it still was revolutionary in the way that it changed spaceflight and it had a few unique features because of this. 

Its large payload bay could be used to both launch and recover satellites in orbit giving NASA the option of modifying or recovering a bird rather than simply abandoning it in space. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*Om0XcrM9BX9fTkHpzBkt6w.png)

**Flies like a spaceship, sinks like a brick. The Shuttle was renowned for its decidedly ordinary glide characteristics. Source: Wikipedia.** 

One of the most interesting features though was how it was recovered. Rather than simply reentering under parachute control like earlier designs, the shuttle design would incorporate small, stubby wings. This allowed the orbiter to glide back to Earth like an aircraft, being recovered at sites like Groom Lake.

Once recovered, the orbiter would be flown back to NASA’s overhaul facility where it would be prepared for launch. So how do you transport a spacecraft that isn’t designed for atmospheric flight? You put it on top of a custom-designed 747 aircraft of course. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*uzUIsx_xIKUO7NX1-nOBKQ.png)

**The Shuttle transport system would rely on affixing the shuttle to a modified, Boeing 747–200 platform. This one is still wearing it’s American Airlines livery. Source: Wikipedia.** 

### The Buran 

While it never reached operational design a special mention probably should go to the Soviet-designed Buran. With the collapse of the soviet union leading to the overall collapse of the soviet space program, the Buran was a natural casualty of these events. It is worth looking at though as it provides some additional content. 

With cold-war espionage between states at near legendary levels, it’s fair to say that Buran’s design may well have been introduced as a result of information gained from the US shuttle program. However, when looking at some of the requirements of a reusable spacecraft, many of these overlap leading to designs that will inevitably look similar to their counterparts. 

It’s fair to say that for economical spaceflight, being able to discard & recycle your boosters and then glide to a safe landing means that wings and SRB boosters all become essential parts of the design. Given that much was lost to the history books at the end of the Cold War, it’s probably fair to say that we’ll never fully grasp just how much was coincidence as opposed to espionage. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*vsSfY9rFOhCdOFMDz5XO6w.png)

**The Buran would rely on many similar concepts to the space-shuttle. Source: Wikipedia.**

The Buran programme would be wrapped up in 1993 after performing just one test flight in 1988\. The prototypes would survive nearly two decades in storage before eventually being destroyed after their storage hangers collapsed in 2002\. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*Qs8Qwe-8JggvgSXQyjMXrg.png)

**Two variants of the shuttle would be lost during its time in service. Challenger and Columbia would both fail to return home safely. Source: Wikipedia.**

### Design Limitations 

While the shuttle program would contribute much to NASA’s overall posture, it did have some intrinsic limitations around its overall design. Some of these limitations could be easily worked around, while others would cost NASA astronauts their lives and drag the entire shuttle program into doubt. 

Probably the biggest of these issues would be the sheer volume of maintenance each orbiter would need to overhaul for its next flight. Not only did the airframe require checking but consumable parts like thermal tiles and solid rocket boosters would also require inspection and replacement. This would lead to a large number of manhours between each flight, blowing out the budget and causing critics to argue that the affordability component wasn’t affordable at all. 

While this was a problem, it wasn’t really life-threatening but it’s fair to say that some of the other problems most certainly were. In fact, the two hull loss incidents of the Shuttle came from inherent design problems that would never be fully rectified. Columbia would be lost after foam insulation struck the orbiter, while Challenger would be lost due to a known O-ring problem in the fuel system. This would cause a “blow-by” situation where the seal would fail to provide a complete seal, leading to a complete loss of the airframe.

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*a0otCbRPf8xD-9D6S9Bycw.png)

A faulty O-ring in the Solid Rocket boosters would lead to catastrophic failure. Source: Wikipedia

The highly public nature of these flaws would eventually shut down the American shuttle program outright and put NASA under intense scrutiny. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*KAPJVV5Vf1VjPv4mm98HLQ.png)

**Despite its flaws, the shuttle would save the Hubble telescope from outright failure. Souce: Wikipedia**

### Achievements

It’s easy to look at the criticism as well as the hull loss events and think the shuttle was little more than a white elephant. Realistically though, despite its flaws, the shuttle was an absolute workhorse for the American space program. During its time in service, it would launch satellites, carry both Russians and Civilians, launch and repair the Hubble Space Telescope and even contribute to the Soviet Mir space station program. 

And it would do all of this in the early days before taking centre stage in one of humanity's greatest spaceflight achievements. The construction of the International Space Station. 

With the program being the domain of multiple countries, the space shuttle wasn’t the only system bearing the load. However, due to the entire program focusing on prebuilt systems that would be assembled in space, the large payload bay of the shuttle meant that it would play a key part in bringing everything together. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*Hc7N1GzN8_Pg8HGpEElM-Q.png)

Over 150 EVA events would be carried out in the assembly of the ISS. The ability of the shuttle to carry a large payload was a key part of this. This is Endeavour during the STS-127 mission with her bay doors open. Source: Wikipedia. 

It wasn’t just Americans contributing to this role though. While it was an American project, the carriage of other nationalities throughout the program helped NASA lay the foundations for true multi-nation cooperation in space. 

The space shuttle deserves far more credit for helping to build our modern world than many realise. 

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What The Tech?! Space Shuttles

[Snowfall](https://www.snow-fall.io/) brings masternodes, validators and staking solutions for both normies and crypto savvy people. I discovered them recently and staked some $ZEN to secure the network and earn passive income. Decentralization is not an over-hyped dream!

To celebrate the launch of the Horizen Easy Staking dashboard, Snow Fall had a promotional campaign, sharing the fees collected by the Summit Note with the stakers. Depending on the success of this promo, a second edition or modified version could be on the way. Stay tuned!

During the campaign, all holders with a minimum of 5 ZEN were able to reclaim fees collected by the node over the 10-day period. How the fees were distributed? The top 5 delegators and other 5 randomly selected delegators excluding the top 5 were eligible. The more you staked ... the higher your proportional chances of winning!

![image.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmQF6Qmxnw2U3uwWyzCaj7PgeQc73dEQWRqUpDGTZrHxac/image.png)

I stake $ZEN at [Snowfall](https://www.snow-fall.io/) because I wanted to explore new protocols on Horizen EON, and to test the evolution of the chain. Snowfall uses the EON 1.4 smart contract to allow users to withdraw the ZEN staking rewards whenever they want.

Why Horizen EON? Because the 2.0 upgrade transforms Horizen into a next-gen EVM optimized for ZK apps. Designed with a modular architecture that can seamlessly verify ZK proofs while maintaining EVM capabilities.

Horizen 2.0 is a highly scalable and interoperable environment for ZK applications. The dApps enhanced by zk-proofs are helping to build the decentralized communication and finance networks of the future.

[![Uploading image #3...](https://images.hive.blog/768x0/)](https://images.hive.blog/1536x0/)

Nodes are essential components in blockchain networks, acting as communication points that validate transactions and maintain the integrity of the blockchain. In staking, nodes are crucial for securing the network and enabling participants to earn rewards.

I added 14 $ZEN into the Summit Node, and the rewards started to accumulate. The Node reached 2352 staked $ZEN in a blink, and 20.69 $ZEN were distributed so far. There's a 5% performance fee on the rewards, which I think is acceptable for a single stake pool.

![image.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmXxvXqXGofYurt32xoAyXWBBeGdZDsMVanTVkTaQ45Rn8/image.png)

**Residual Income:**

Airdrop Hunting: [Layer3](https://layer3.xyz/?ref=0x4f49D938c3Ad2437c52eb314F9bD7Bdb7FA58Da9) / [Mode](https://ref.mode.network/zHzdly) / [blast.io/HJEUV](http://blast.io/HJEUV) / [Linea](https://referrals.linea.build/?refCode=xCwRfIwoL0)

[50% discount on Scroll Canvas](https://scroll.io/canvas/invite/TFNWC): use code [TFNWC](https://scroll.io/canvas/invite/TFNWC)

Content: [Publish0x](https://www.publish0x.com/?a=pmbk1p5ezJ)/ [Hive](https://peakd.com/register?ref=pvmihalache) / [GrillApp](https://grillapp.net/accounts/3sibgjVDfoLNLoHNrLPEUwkwMf1X2KcduZYKEuepFkF2jEPy?ref=21350)

Play2Earn: [Upland](https://r.upland.me/LsFp) / [Splinterlands](https://splinterlands.com/?ref=pvmihalache) / [Doctor Who](https://doctorwho-worldsapart.com/r/4175/)

Cashback Cards: [Plutus Card](https://dex.plutus.it/auth/referee/signup?refId=IbFUXm) / [Crypto.com](http://Crypto.com)

$ZEC: [PipeFlare](https://pipeflare.io/r/zxn) / [GlobalHive](https://globalhive.io/auth/register?ref=1917)

[PVM The Author - My Amazon Books](https://www.amazon.co.uk/~/e/B019FB0ZNG)

![image.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmT11tsBRKymUmYALRfZGEqVyYyy7akp6u92SGAP2EH8Wa/image.png)

bafybeighil6bhttfpnqeb5ps33fznidw5i5a6gmllavh4gwfzlx3tp5gz4

Horizen x Snowfall - Staking Into High-Performance Nodes

bafybeihwinbcaagoyevmuabcm6yhihet6brv6bfu6chdatdujb6cy7ox2u

**If you want fast, low-fee bridging then Across Protocol is a great option.**

***Cryptocurrency can be risky due to market volatility and lack of regulation. Use reputable platforms, avoid emotional trading, and only invest what you can afford to lose. Be cautious and remember, not your keys, not your crypto.***

As de-fi has evolved, there’s been a greater focus on cross-chain compatibility and leveraging assets that come from different ecosystems entirely. These days, you can bridge Solana to Ethereum easily enough and then have the benefit of accessing different services without having to use fiat currency to get started. 

In the early days though, bridging would be a cumbersome process that came with some level of intrinsic risk. As things have changed though, we’ve seen fast, low-cost bridges start to shine, bringing volume into the world of de-fi and making services easier to access. 

Today, we’ll be using the Across Protocol Bridge and putting some claims to the test. With lightning-fast speed and low fees, if it works as advertised, it’ll be a great option for moving assets across blockchains. 

![1*QKE09wi2lamrDzksEuHZiQ.png](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*QKE09wi2lamrDzksEuHZiQ.png)

### **About Across**

One complaint faced by earlier bridges was the duration it would take before funds would become available on the network. It’s fair to say that the more involved a process was, the less likely it would be to see large-scale adoption. While a lot of these earlier protocols would help give life to projects like Across, they were quite rudimentary, meaning that finding improvements was an essential part of making the whole process smoother. 

Across aims to address a lot of these issues. Using an oracle system rather than locking tokens on one chain to receive assets on another liquidity pools are used to make the bridging process far faster than what we’ve seen previously. How fast though? Read on and you’ll find out.

### **Compatible Networks**

Greater compatibility between networks is a good thing. It helps keep money flowing across chains and early adopters, airdrop hunters and general enthusiasts are able to explore the potential of new protocols and help drive the adoption and research around new technologies. 

That’s no small brief to meet, as it’s this part of the process that can make or break the whole project. Get it wrong, and your users end up with a confusing process that shows little improvement from earlier bridges. Get it right though, and you’ve got a seriously usable piece of infrastructure that on-chain users are able to leverage. 

![1*KdfRe6Ys3pWoDIa29NwQbw.png](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*KdfRe6Ys3pWoDIa29NwQbw.png)

So as you’d expect, there’s plenty of compatibility provided by the Across Bridge. Not only do we see the usual suspects like Polygon, Optimism and Ethereum, but there are also newer contenders like Scroll, Zora, ZKSync and Aleph Zero.

![1*E_6YPks-nSlvn25SKUwTYw.png](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*E_6YPks-nSlvn25SKUwTYw.png)

### **Bridging Experience**

With incentives for activity on Optimism, it’s a great way to boost activity levels and roadtest the bridge so today’s transaction is going to focus on that. Initial claims for the bridge are just seconds from transacting to funds arrival while bridging fees are estimated at well under $5 per transaction. Considering the rough run that ETH often gets regarding gas fees, this isn’t too bad. 

![1*67We5PRxOBzR0Du36DrYzQ.png](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*67We5PRxOBzR0Du36DrYzQ.png)

Using the bridge was quick and easy. In fact, it’s protocols just like this that help drive the adoption of the technology. In a lot of instances, things need to “just work” and Across has achieved this objective.

Our initial transaction went from lodging to settlement in seconds. While it wasn’t the optimistically fast 2 seconds as quoted by the wallet it was still mere seconds. 22 seconds to be precise. 

![1*hhY_3yy2bYfadKw6HOKYrg.png](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*hhY_3yy2bYfadKw6HOKYrg.png)

So at this point, I think we can say that Across protocol meets its own clearly stated objectives of being cheap, fast and user-friendly.

![1*cTECRQEpL9swiOdthK5P-Q.png](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*cTECRQEpL9swiOdthK5P-Q.png)

### **Bonus Rewards**

While airdrops can be a great thing, one of the biggest ongoing problems with them can often be finding users who are genuinely interested in supporting new technologies and helping them develop. Large amounts of capital flow into projects in anticipation of airdrop money. 

One of the best ways to qualify for airdrops is to simply ignore the noise and just focus on supporting projects that you like, as often rewards naturally flow on as a part of this. 

A great way of increasing your chances of receiving a drop, while supporting emerging concepts is to look for value adders. For instance, by using Across we can boost our chances and activity levels in two different ways. 

By bridging to the Optimism network, we can boost our activity and possibly earn OP rewards as well. By adding liquidity to the Across pool and staking, we can also earn bonus yields on any idle tokens. 

The best bit about this? We’re supporting three protocols in one shot. 

Have you used the Across Bridge? Talk about it in the comments!

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Bridge With Across: The Bridge Made For Ethereum

**Providing liquidity can be a great way to support a project while earning rewards.**

***Cryptocurrency can be risky due to market volatility and lack of regulation. Use reputable platforms, avoid emotional trading, and only invest what you can afford to lose. Be cautious and remember, not your keys, not your crypto.***

When it comes to supporting projects you might be passionate about, we’re pretty spoilt for choices in the world of Web 3\. While staking is often a common mechanism for achieving this, liquidity farming can also be a lucrative way to get behind your favourite project while earning some extra tokens. 

If you’re on Solana, you’re probably already using some of the De-Fi options, but if you haven’t used them already, Kamino Finance is a great choice. With plenty of time spent ensuring the integrity of the platform, as well as plenty of good resources for those at the beginning of their crypto journey it’s one of the best places to access de-fi on Solana. In today’s article, we’re going to be exploring the yields behind one of their Liquidity Pools. Let’s take a look 

### About Kamino

One of the reasons behind the meteoric recovery in the Solana token price has been the sheer number of projects that have decided to make Solana home. While Solana may end up being the reason that social media ends up with its time to shine, different types of De-Fi platforms have also played a large role in its success. Jupiter, for instance, is a great exchange that’s spent plenty of time developing a supportive community while focusing on giving value back to the community in the form of incentive programs like ASR and airdrops.

Kamino has been no different in this regard. With their KMNO token already launched, its relatively stable price, large staking numbers and potential for growth mean that there’s plenty of support for Kamino and their products. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*fFXpXrSEr1ge_sQrc8pvYA.png)

A large reason for much of this success comes from the effort that the Kamino team has put into developing trust with its users. Kamino isn’t just a Solana De-Fi platform, it also has the reputation of being a safe platform that provides its users with as many resources as they can. No longer is de-fi a dark art. Kamino is well on its way to achieving its goal of de-mystifying its de-fi services via community-led education. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*8BzZG2JpdBSYscEq0qP9lg.png)

### Liquidity & KMNO-JITSOL

Liquidity pools work on a simple concept. Essentially, providing liquidity allows Kamino to deploy this liquidity into the pools to earn yield. Once earnt, this yield is returned to the community in the form of rewards. Given that liquidity tends to works best over a longer timeframe, yield rewards are auto-compounding. Kamino has a great dashboard available to it’s users which means you can quickly track your metrics and figure out where your position is at. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*6NODUBbzOKctb0bVK-NSaA.png)

Shortly after the launch of the KMNO token, we put a small amount of liquidity in the KMNO-JITOSOL pool. Let’s take a look at the results and see how things have performed recently. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*v0xxQCc_f0WceQtvXPqUmQ.png)

As we’d expect to see the value will fluctuate according to the current market position. Overall though, the pool has been a pretty good performer with some interesting returns. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*1VZ2lBf8X6QxjYRgBUYvxA.png)

Starting with the remainder of the KMNO airdrop which was 1.45k and .2 JitoSOL the deposit was worth $82.00 at the start point. This was back in April though, and it’s fair to say the market looks very different now. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*3yRhDYxalrBqc8hfBDlseg.png)

So different in fact, that the pool is currently worth nearly $300 at the time of publishing. It’s worth mentioning here that the Kamino team put a lot of effort into ensuring that regardless of market fluctuations, the platform stays stable and liquidations are kept to a minimum. It doesn't mean that this type of thing comes without risk, but it does mean that the team actively works towards mitigating it wherever possible. There’s no denying that de-fi can get confusing however, the Kamino team have done a great job at keeping the platform user-friendly.

### Things To Note

While we’re on the topic of risk, there are a few additional considerations. Like many things in life, crypto has no free lunch. Because of this, it’s important to realise that while liquidity farming is often pretty lucrative, it can also leave you behind in certain instances. Rather than trading via an exchange, Pools offer a way to perform “unofficial” trades where users can cash out one token over another depending on the current market value. 

So, the choice of pool you decide to use can often dictate the level of risk you are exposed to regarding this. Stable token pairs are often a good choice to help mitigate this risk and thanks to the concept of Liquid Staking Tokens (LSTs) like JitoSOL users now have plenty of options. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*JV28_tqFvKpHQMQChHvw-g.png)

The concept of smart contract exploits may also leave users wary as it wouldn’t be the first time a de-fi provider has been exploited via a vulnerable contract. So, if this is a concern you can rest a little easier knowing that the platform has been fully audited for vulnerabilities. While it doesn’t negate the smart contract risk entirely, it’s another clear step showing that transparency and trust are an integral part of the platform. 

### Get Your Points Game On

In case you haven’t figured it out yet, supporting projects like Kamino has been a huge part of the crypto journey to date. It’s a key part of helping develop the technology that should allow it to be used on a larger scale. 

While the KMNO token has already been launched, the team has an ongoing points program that allows you to earn points which may later be converted to KMNO rewards. So if you missed out on stage 1 or 2 of the earlier airdrop, it’s still not too late to earn some points and possibly turn them into KMNO tokens later on. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*skUjG5mI1_qvTdVVNKXJ3w.png)

A great way of doing this is by providing liquidity into an LST pool and staking an allocation of tokens via the platform. Since the start, Kamino has looked for real engaging users that help add a voice to the community and it’s these users that have been rewarded for their engagement. 

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*su0Vb1cdCIxQtAPZGpd_fQ.png)

If you are starting late, be sure to look for the pools that give you an additional multiplier or incentive for use, as well as points boosters. You can identify these pretty easily. The lightning bolt that you’ll find in the details covers incentives and the star represents points multipliers. Using these pools will give you the best return on your dollar.

Do you use Kamino Finance? What did you do with your KMNO airdrop allocation?

*If you found this article insightful, informative, or entertaining, we kindly encourage you to show your support. Clapping for this article not only lets the author know that their work is appreciated but also helps boost its visibility to others who might benefit from it.*

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Kamino Finance: Jumping Into The Pool

In [**this previous article**](https://medium.com/radio-hackers/feedline-fundamentals-coaxial-cable-d5e353e83735) we looked at some of the fundamentals around coaxial cable, including some of the characteristics that we might see when using coaxial cable in various installations.

In today’s article, we’ll be exploring an older feedline type. Still in use in amateur radio today, this was easy to make, finicky to use and capable of high levels of output power. Often seen in earlier television systems, ladder line-fed antennas were a common fixture of many homes of the day. Also known as “open wire” or “window line”, it was one of the first feedlines used by the transmitters of old. Let’s check it out!

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*e9z73IjV84TNQcx0Lp6urA.png)

# **History**

Part of the reason that twin-line became popular, was due to its simple construction and ability to feed antennas with high amounts of output power. Paired with the designs' relatively low loss at higher frequencies, this made antennas more efficient, meaning that more of a transmitter's output power made it to the antenna rather than being lost as heat in the feedline.

While we pointed out that coax was designed relatively early as well, the ability for twin-line to be made out of excess wire and scrap insulators as spacers, meant that early-era hams invested much in their systems, gaining performance and experimenting with what types of performance they might expect from any given system.

It would attract some controversy due to its susceptibility to wind and weather, but despite this for many, the ease of repair in comparison to coax-based systems meant that the ladder line feeder would remain king for some time to come.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*joeiaoX5pRs55Cmo7gmyQA.png)

In the world of amateur radio, you’ll find plenty of antennas that have focused on using ladder lines in all sorts of different capacities in their designs.

You’ll find the J-pole antenna to be pretty popular in the world of handheld FM while the HF-suitable G5RV remains as controversial today as it was when it was initially released.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*XoNjX89Ib2YkLlmsyQ6yZA.png)

While that might sound like an odd name for an antenna, it’s pretty common for radio amateurs to name their own designs (homebrews) after their callsign. So, if you see something like that when you’re researching hardware, chances are there was a radio amateur involved in its design along the way.

# **Construction & The Balun**

While these days we’ll typically find ladder lines to be commercially made, in the earlier days radio amateurs and enthusiasts would typically make their own ladder lines using wire and homemade spacers to form the “ladder”. If you’re interested in making your own ladder line, it’s still possible though and many still experiment with these designs in the modern world. Often, for high-frequency (HF) antennas though, space can be a major restriction in many of these designs. Unlike coaxial cable which can happily be coiled, ladder line needs to be raised correctly with minimal disruptions to be able to radiate effectively.

One thing you’ll find mentioned when dealing with many receiving antennas can be the balun (BAlanced / UNbalanced) for matching purposes. Also referred to as a BAlancing UNit, the balun provides a way to connect balanced and unbalanced lines while maintaining the correct impedance. While they typically vary according to their design, Baluns are an integral part of correctly constructing and installing an antenna with good electrical performance.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*AdoFKvQ65KCIk0-DBQcB3w.png)

While you won’t need to know everything about baluns to explore the world of radio, understanding their place in a receiving or transmitting system is an essential part of learning to use the radio spectrum effectively.

There’s a wide range of cheap and easy-to-install baluns available for use with the RTL-SDR unit to help improve receiving performance in the high-frequency part of the spectrum.

# **The Specifics**

When we examined coaxial cable, we noted that the impedance typically varied according to the type of system in use. Television coaxial cable would run at a different impedance than radio coax.

Twin lead, or ladder line is no different, coming in an assortment of different specifications. Television cable, for instance, would typically run at 300Ω being matched down to 75Ω via a balun.

While the High-Frequency ladder line would more commonly be around 450Ω which would then be matched to 50Ω. There are different types of ladder lines available for use, but for typical installations, understanding the two will be enough to get you started with the concept and carrying out experiments of your own to learn more.

# **The Wavelength**

In previous articles, we’ve talked about the relationship of frequency with regard to the size of the emitted wave. We’ve also gone to great lengths to impart the importance of being able to research and understand this effectively.

Radio amateurs will typically talk about this in meters or centimetres. So, 144.000mhz also known as the 2-meter band has a two-meter wavelength, while the high-frequency 14.300mhz band or 20mtr band has a wavelength of around 20mtrs.

It’s important to realise that a fundamental concept exists here, barring a few exceptions, antennas will typically perform best at the optimum length with regards to the centre frequency, or multiples thereof.

Feedlines aren’t hugely different in this nature as they typically perform best at spacing relative to their frequency of operation. So a two-meter antenna mounted two meters above a metal roof (one wavelength) will perform far better than one that's mounted at roof level.

Remembering nuances such as this will make life far easier when the time comes to design and install your antennas.

# **In Closing**

It’s important to point out that there's only so much you can fit into a medium or blog post before it becomes boring and unwieldy. So while we’re trying to impart some foundation concepts here, the reality is that teaching everything is simply outside the scope of a single post.

What we can do though, is impart useful snippets, to assist you in both getting started as well as understanding what requires further research. And while many books have been written on topics such as these, like many resources in life, some are more valuable than others.

With that said, if you enjoyed this article one thing you might enjoy as a follow-on resource, would be a copy of the ARRL radio amateur’s handbook. This resource is cheap and packed full of useful designs for antennas, baluns and other essential tools for learning about the radio spectrum.

The best bit is, that while the newer copies have more modern or varied designs, even the older book has plenty to offer in the way of fundamentals.

So, if you’re looking for more resources of a learning nature, this can be a great place to start.

*Medium has recently made some algorithm changes to improve the discoverability of articles like this one. These changes are designed to ensure that high-quality content reaches a wider audience, and your engagement plays a crucial role in making that happen.*

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Feedline Fundamentals: Ladder Line

🚨DeNET announces airdrop on peaq 🦾  
  
You still have time to try to catch this airdrop 🪂  
  
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---

🚨DeNET anuncia un airdrop en Peaq 🦾

Aún tienes tiempo para intentar atrapar este airdrop 🪂

Si alguien se anima a minar WN aquí dejo mi código de invitación con el que podréis recibir un bonus extra de 1150 WN 👇  
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🚨DeNET announces airdrop on peaq 🦾

Still beta for now but Swap is a big swing from the Kamino as goes the ecosystem.

See the governance post for more details <https://gov.kamino.finance/t/introducing-kamino-swap/351>

Watch the walk through on Solmedia <https://sol.media/video/6754f74728e162f02442b631>

#solana #crypto #defi $KNMO

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Hey folks, I’ve [written about Mitosis](https://medium.com/coinmonks/rolling-over-eeth-to-mitosis-the-hottest-new-liquidity-layer-3d935c1d8fc7) a couple of times now, but if you haven’t been following along since then, currently they have an incentivized free testnet which I highly recommend taking a part of while there’s still time. In today’s article I’m going to be breaking down in a few simple steps in which you can maximize your gains with minimal effort before the final days are up.

# **But first, what is Mitosis?**

In a nutshell, [Mitosis ](https://expedition.mitosis.org/?referral=9UYGPC)is a cross-chain liquidity protocol for modular blockchains. Just as Celestia ($TIA) provides data availability for other blockchains, Mitosis is another EVM-compatible Cosmos chain that will act as a liquidity layer for different DeFi protocols — providing increased capital efficiency while at the time same accruing high yields. From what I’ve gathered, similar to bridges like Across, using an intents-based approach, Mitosis will essentially act as an orderbook relayer for different DeFi apps. Personally I’ve been farming points for Mitosis since last May, and if you’re interested in learning more about it, I highly recommend you check out my [deep dive that I wrote at that time](https://medium.com/coinmonks/rolling-over-eeth-to-mitosis-the-hottest-new-liquidity-layer-3d935c1d8fc7?source=post%5Fpage-----bef921cf7db9--------------------------------).

[The actual testnet](https://testnet.mitosis.org/) that launched last month, has a separate allocation of $MITO that will be distributed to its users, and unlike many different testnets, there’s a pretty clear and transparent distribution plan for exactly how many MITO points you’ll be able to accrue.

# **The** [**Testnet**](https://testnet.mitosis.org/)

The testnet itself is primarily based on earning XP, which in turn will help you earn more $MITO. In order to maximize your gains from the get go, you can do so buy entering a referral code to get a 0.5% boost on all of your XP. Mine is **OA6CES**, but if you’re lucky to find someone else with a ‘Superpass” Code, you can be eligible for a 1.5% boost.

But enough of the schilling, let’s break down the ways to earn some $MITO…

# [**The Mini Game**](https://testnet.mitosis.org/) **(5XP per game)**

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:560/1*gOq1CONDgZXp4C6Zp9Shrw.png)

A quick and easy way to earn 5XP is to play their mini-gram from the [main page](https://testnet.mitosis.org/). (It’s a little unclear to me how many times you can play to get the 5XP, but personally the most I’ve been able to accrue in one day is 30.) With a game starting every few seconds, everyone needs to collaboratively flip tiles to form the word ‘MITO,’ or alternatively you can just be a d\*ck and click outside the boxes which will reset the entire board.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:522/1*HhAO4tmWDzaW7zJHqu5BmQ.png)

# [**Claiming the Faucet**](https://testnet.mitosis.org/faucet) **(10XP)**

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:560/1*MEnywZK0kfDaeJI27DwsUg.png)

Both with a 24-hour cooldown period, Mitosis’ testnet has two different faucets — the main and the bonus faucet. You don’t get much from either one, but it’s imperative that you try to claim these both as often as possible, as the weight of the $MITO airdrop depends on exactly how many tokens in sum you’re able to amass until the end of the testnet period.

**How much $MITO can you accrue?** According to the ‘Guide’ which you can access at the top of the testnet website, the amount of tokens you will accrue will be split from a 70/30 split, where your $MITO tokens will get a 70% conversion rate and the rest (all other assets on the platform) will be converted via the remaining 30% allocation.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:507/1*k-tn1BmhK86eQIRhMPDuJg.png)

Therefore it behooves you to first and foremost accrue as much $MITO as possible, but in general you should try to be farming as much of all assets as possible.

# **Defi**

The next section includes several steps which **need to be done in a specific order** in order to maximize your points. These include:

1. Deposit
2. EOL Opt-in
3. Collecting Rewards
4. DApps

## **Deposit:**

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:560/1*daejH0wAWeJFN1FfGko9Wg.png)

As soon as you claim your faucets, the most time intensive and tedious process that you need to do is to deposit all the assets you received from the faucet onto the testnet itself so that you can participate in DeFi. This means that you need to manually deposit each and every asset which can mean roughly 20 different transactions across 4–5 different chains:

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:261/1*xMU5S5BSUV1MtHmrSmUoqA.png)

## **EOL Opt-in (Staking)**

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:560/1*bu7gDTX943pwALCnF0OXHw.png)

Once your funds are deposited, you want to then ‘EOL Opt-in’ to each one of your deposited assets to their corresponding pools so that you can begin to earn rewards. Staking your rewards into each of the vaults to my understanding is the greatest way to accrue a ton of XP points quickly:

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:560/1*Rcf4-Z24U-1wgSP_zQ0s0Q.png)

Since you deposited all your assets from all the different chains onto Mitosis from the last step, this step should be slightly less tedious since you only have to do one EOL Opt-in for each token type.

## [**Collecting rewards**](https://testnet.mitosis.org/EOL-vault/reward)

Once your assets are EOL Opted-in, every day you can go back and claim rewards from your [Rewards Dashboard](https://testnet.mitosis.org/EOL-vault/reward). Claiming rewards also gains you more XP points, albeit a smaller amount:

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:560/1*OoeBQImW6-G2JEXOIUw4Bg.png)

## **DApps**

The last DeFi task for you to do is using the connected 5 testnet DApps:

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:560/1*GF81TZwgk8u7P9Z7i84EFA.png)

There are a total of 5 to choose from, [Clober](https://app.clober.io/limit?chain=124832), [Chromo](https://app.chromo.exchange/), [DVX](https://app.dvx.trading/), [Telo](https://app.telo.money/), and [YieldKingZ](https://mitosis.yieldkingz.io/) — all of which you can earn XP through their different types of engagement. Personally, what I’ve done is to periodically swap different assets into $WMITO on Chromo, and then use Telo to unwrap my $WMITO into $MITO, thereby accruing more $MITO, which has more weight once the testnet ends.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:477/1*HBN1HfF_YmAM3ZC-qtXfRQ.png)

# **Voting**

The last way in which you can earn a significant amount of XP is through voting:

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:560/1*8wUZKxudkjXWvjPXjtbqjQ.png)

Once again, a bit tedious, but in order to maximize the number of XP points you can get from voting, you need to vote at least around a couple dozen times — once for each chain per asset. For instance, on $ezETH alone, you need to vote at least 3 times (once for Ethereum mainnet, once for Arbitrum, and once for Optimism):

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:504/1*3OeA6U_CGr9VY8D22mGtCg.png)

The silver lining to the voting process is that you only need to vote once every Voting Period, which is approximately 3 days.

# **How XP and $MITO are connected**

OK, so at this point you may have wondered how XP and assets are connected. In a nutshell, the more you can level/tier up with more XP, the more you can accrue your testnet $MITO. The tiers range from Bronze to Diamond, each which has 3 different grades. As you can see from the picture below, I’m currently sitting at Gold grade 3, which accrues 9.44 daily $MITO and 3.5 Cell rewards:

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:382/1*BEM5WYB0mdH3mVDvNVIUHg.png)

Obviously gaining the highest tier possible is greatly beneficial, for at a Diamond level Grade 3, you can currently earn approximately 37.1 $MITO daily.

Additional note: The tiers aren’t necessarily based on hitting thresholds of XP, but rather where you fall into the bigger picture and to how many XP everyone else owns in the testnet. Therefore, don’t be surprised if you get knocked down a tier/grade, because that means that there was a significant number of users that surpassed your total amount of XP since you last logged in.

# **Cells, Clusters and Items**

In addition to the $MITO you can accrue, you’ll also be accruing ‘Cells.’ Cells can be crafted to become ‘Clusters,’ and then Clusters can be crafter to either become ‘Items,’ or used to upgrade existing items.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:430/1*f0OYhNX9go9DeJ_VRmbmZg.png)

The ultimate goal is to get as many Items as possible, and then to have them upgraded as many times as possible, for each one can give you an increased XP boost.

# **Joining a Crew**

The last, but newest edition to the Game of MITO is the crew feature, where members (capped at 10) are able to gain an additional XP boost depending on your Tier. I just made mine at time of writing, but feel free to join while there’s still slots open: <https://testnet.mitosis.org/crew/4180>

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:344/1*gsrN7wh7HFCXOGPDiY3nog.png)

# **Conclusion**

OK, so after reading all this you may be thinking that this is a LOT of work, and in all honesty, it is. I’ve been able to streamline the process but in order to get all the above steps done, it still takes me around 10–15 minutes depending on how glitchy the site wants to be. Yet it’s a bit rare especially for incentivized testnets to give a clear and transparent way in order to earn tokens, and seeing that Mitosis has been able to attract a lot of liquidity, in my opinion it’s worth the time. If you’re interested in checking Mitosis out, here are some referral links to help you get started, all of which can help you gain additional boosts:

Mitosis L1 Expedition: <https://app.mitosis.org?referral=9UYGPC>

Game of Mito: <https://waitlist.mitosis.org/my-page?code=OA6CES>

Mitosis Testnet: <https://testnet.mitosis.org/mypage> and enter “OA6CES”

My testnet crew: <https://testnet.mitosis.org/crew/4180>

And as always, thanks for taking the time to read this and be sure to follow me on twitter (<https://twitter.com/CryptosWith>) to get all my latest updates. Also, looking for a gift for your Crypto-loving/hating friend? Give them a [REKT journal](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BRM169P2?ref%5F=pe%5F3052080%5F397514860) to cheer them up!

Disclaimer: And as a final reminder, this is not financial advice and this is for educational and entertainment purposes only. Please as always, do your own research and find what investments are best for you. Cheers everyone! allocation, but I’m also earning some pretty significant yields on my assets at the same time.

bafybeighoewj2zpfvdufrmtdplzg2zy4a2qayi4pakbvvdtpohfn7fwtna

Mitosis Testnet Guide

**Taking an in-depth look at the roadmap of the internet.**

*If you aren’t a medium member, you can read with no paywall via* [**substack**](http://investigator515.substack.com/)

If you’ve been reading for a while, you’ve probably realised that cyber has some pretty great tools. And while some will require you to open your wallet, there are also plenty of useful tools that are freeware or open-source. In today’s article, we’ll be looking at a tool that we’ve referenced before, particularly in our [**5 Tools For Cyber Investigators**](https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/osint-unleashed-the-5-best-tools-for-cyber-investigators-8ff08fe9a4ba) article.

In the good old days of the internet, the concept of “security by obscurity” lived for far longer than it ever should have and it’s tools like Shodan that were partly responsible for burying it as any form of realistic defence. In today's article, we’ll be looking at Shodan in more detail, attempting to see what features it has to offer researchers.

# **What is Shodan**

Typically, search engines focus on ranking content and useful material, giving us the evolution of Google and a roadmap for how we use the modern internet. Shodan is no Google, but it is best described as a search engine, meaning it has a few things in common with the big G.

Rather than focusing on content though, Shodan searches the internet for and subsequently maps, devices. Using web crawlers, Shodan regularly “maps” the internet and enumerates devices connected to it, revealing vulnerable systems, operating systems, obscure machines and even live camera feeds.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*PVvK0XX72M_fTT6DyQmssA.png)

It’s important to point out though, that Shodan isn’t the only player in the game regarding this concept. In the modern world, web crawlers are easily deployed and extremely common. And, while this information is able to be exploited in certain circumstances, such tools also have a legitimate role to play in the hands of ethical hackers and other cybersecurity researchers.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*uOXgUTvJ_thkzqlpBAu3cg.png)

# **Useful Features**

While it provides plenty of information regarding archiving and mapping of devices Shodan also has defensive applications as well. Account holders with access to the full range of Shodan’s features are able to use live domain monitoring to help protect their own infrastructure.

Shodan also provides a data “firehose” enabling researchers to access raw data via the Shodan API. A fire hose is a perfect analogy for this as it displays a significant amount of useful data to those who might need it.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*HA4pHhGFRNd5QYPOYlZNww.png)

You’ll also find extremely detailed search functions with preset tags for regular search strings as well as the ability to make and customize your own tags. You can even search by images which leads to some interesting results if we search the phrase “ransomware”

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/0*I-f_m1RjBDBCa9IH.jpeg)

There’s also a large array of developer tools for those who might be interested in creating their own resources or accessing Shodan via the API as well as plenty of detailed documentation for troubleshooting purposes.

# **Interfaces**

With Shodan being as functional as it is, it should be no surprise to find out that you can access it in pretty much any way you’d like. Terminal users can use the Shodan API to have the full functionality that you'd see in a web app without all the drama of a browser. Incidentally, while we’re on that topic, the Shodan web app is also pretty good, being extremely functional for beginners with plenty of supporting resources.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*lLWjiMSJJQ_DT5hEoE4KDQ.png)

The most useful tool for cyber researchers though, is the Shodan browser extensions. Providing a quick and easy way to get information on a current website, the extensions are pretty useful for things like bug bounty, giving you much of the information you’ll need instantly in a single window.

Even if you don’t have a paid account, you’ll still find plenty of use in installing the extensions if you intend to conduct research.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*1uvcviDgP_gYAGgiYNwvjw.png)

# **Paid Or Freeware**

Providing products to large multinationals the world over, it’s no surprise that Shodan has some pretty expensive subscription options for those who aren’t bothered by the almighty dollar. Despite this though, there’s actually a pretty functional range of subscription plans for everyday users as well.

The free tier is a great place to start, provided you’re able to deal with the limitations that come with that. If you don’t find the free tier useful though, and you aren’t willing to pay for the monthly subscription then look for the Shodan “membership”. Billed as a one-off payment, you can unlock many features simply by purchasing this, and the best bit is that it does go on sale sometimes. Keep an eye on the Shodan socials to nab one of these sales for yourself.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*huzQhZ5EEy7O_ekjNzoHbg.png)

If you’re an educator with a verifiable email address though, you won’t need to wait for a sale. Supporting the concept of “Information is Power” Shodan also provides free resources to the education community as well. Simply send an email to the team from your education email address to receive your Academic membership at no cost whatsoever. Nice!

# **Legality**

While Hollywood tends to paint hackers as staying on the wrong side of the law, the reality is there are many “white hat” or ethical hackers that contribute to the security of the modern internet while staying within the confines of the law. It’s fair to say though that tools like Shodan provide the cybersecurity industry with an interesting quandry.

While Shodan is legal, what some researchers chose to do with the data they’ve obtained might not be. So, we’re left with a unique position where while Shodan is a very useful tool for ethical researchers it’s a great enumeration tool for bad actors as well.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*qP22SImaqN8z2tEv7wS4kA.png)

Most researchers understand the role that tools like this play in the modern world, however when discussing these types of tools with the general public can lead to some interesting responses. It can be an overload of data if you’re not used to what you’re looking at, but for researchers, it can be a great tool for education if presented in the right way.

# **Now Go Search!**

Despite an overload of training resources, learning new tools can sometimes be a bit tricky. That’s what resources like Hackthebox or TryHackMe aim to fix with their study resources.

For many people though, one of the best ways to become familiar with a new toy or tool is to just use it and in these circumstances, Shodan is no different.

Providing you understand some basic concepts, Shodan can help you expand your own knowledge of different systems as well as work out what search strings and phrases are useful for uncovering information.

So, don’t let them intimidate you if you’re just starting off. The best way to learn about this type of thing can often be to just throw yourself into a situation where you’re doing your learning hands-on.

*If you found this article insightful, informative, or entertaining, we kindly encourage you to show your support. Clapping for this article not only lets the author know that their work is appreciated but also helps boost its visibility to others who might benefit from it.*

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Shodan: A Map of The Internet

**The Risk Dashboard is a great tool for assessing your level of exposure.**

***Cryptocurrency can be risky due to market volatility and lack of regulation. Use reputable platforms, avoid emotional trading, and only invest what you can afford to lose. Be cautious and remember, not your keys, not your crypto.***

In previous articles, we’ve taken a look at some of the products offered by Kamino Finance and looked at ways to earn and maximise points while doing so. While there are certainly plenty of useful ways to engage with the platform, you don’t have to be a professional day trader to leverage some of Kamino’s other resources. 

One of the best things about the platform is the lengths they’ve gone to in an attempt to build something that’s truly user-friendly. And while we’d typically think of liquidity pools or other trading resources, today things are going in a different direction entirely. 

Aiming to bring De-Fi into everyday life, Kamino has built trust in the platform right from the start. One of the ways it does this is by providing the community with a broad range of resources to help educate people on what exactly the platform has to offer. It’s those resources that we’ll be breaking down for you in today's article.

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*wtGdpMoCBzX8M_oSQy0wNA.png)

### A Word On Auditing

Like many big tech companies, the Kamino platform has been audited for vulnerabilities. Due to the scope of De-Fi services though, it’s fair to say that auditing isn’t the only consideration here. To have true trust, we need a committed team and transparency around its products, potential for profit and possible risks to user funds. 

Similar to the “security onion” approach which uses a layered defence strategy to provide protection, Kamino has played a reverse strategy and used similar methods to build trust within the community. It isn’t just relying on an audit to ensure integrity. It’s a core approach in how the team do business, meaning that being transparent about Risk is also a thing.

With transparency an ongoing issue with some Web 3 projects, it’s a refreshing change to see teams take the concept of trust seriously. Not only does it help to naturally build engagement within the community, but it also provides strong signals regarding long-term support and viability. 

So, while an audit isn’t the only thing to consider when assessing a platform, it’s still a step in the right direction.

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*ll9zeevHZM3AY_qizYIbiw.png)

### K-Lend Risk Dash

The K-Lend dashboard is a fantastic tool provided by Kamino that isn’t used enough. Able to provide a market snapshot at a glance, as well as tools to gauge risk due to market changes, it’s an extremely useful resource that you should spend some time with if you’re planning to carry out some de-fi activities

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*DGl6WTqeifUPbz1Pp3vPfQ.png)

While the market dashboard is particularly useful, there’s also a range of prediction tools you can use to help manage your portfolio in greater detail, helping to avoid the possibility of encountering a liquidation. 

The Price Shock tools, in particular, will be helpful to get an idea of what your position will be exposed to regarding unexpected price movements. 

[**Check it out via this link**](https://risk.kamino.finance/Price%5FShock%5FAnalysis)

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*70Pe38m7o9uYd37L7y2Xbg.png)

### Risk Analysis

While the concept of De-Fi is pretty revolutionary stuff, in some ways it varies little from some of the issues that we’ll see in traditional finance as well. Kamino needs to manage risk to itself on a day-to-day basis as well, not just its users. This means that managing exposure to insolvency risk as well as ensuring minimal exposure to things like bad loans, are all part of the day-to-day process. 

There’s no denying that this is probably the “fine print” that most people tend to hate reading, but within this is some great information that breaks down a lot of the technical concepts into simple, easy-to-understand chunks. 

If you aren’t much for [**reading the fine print** ](https://docs.kamino.finance/risk/insolvency-risk/introduction)though, never fear. Kamino also has an [**active discord**](https://discord.gg/kaminofinance) where you can get advice, as well as an ongoing community-led creator program where you can use articles like this to help get through the fine print. So, if you’ve got a problem, simply reach out to the community and chances are good that you’ll find some help.

![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*2Ky_6w4aLoL2OBWpj2Uytw.png)

### In Closing

In recent months, there’s been strong interest in both Solana and its De-Fi ecosystem. As the token price has recovered, new money has flowed in and there’s been plenty of focus showing that the Solana community has been pretty passionate supporters of projects that have the potential to bring real change into the ecosystem. 

We’ve also seen a real push towards onboarding new users as well. While a lot of us are here for the technology, the “normies” as we affectionately call them are here for a product that works and is easy to understand. While we have the patience to troubleshoot issues when they occur, to develop an ongoing market means a reliable, easy-to-use product is needed.

With products like Jupiter mobile offering users a one-stop shop to safely onboard into the Solana Ecosystem, we now have a way to bring new people into the fold. 

And, projects like Kamino that have a strong community backing, provide a unique, long-term stability to the Solana ecosystem by providing the next steps in that onboarding journey. 

bafybeigkrzxfjx3mncry32xzadnsvuyuznhuiatsm2klsh2vrorsstf76e

Kamino Finance: Understanding De-Fi Risk

**Gas Turbines evolved to provide conventional power to systems across heavy industry**

It’s fair to say that the concept of technology can be pretty relative when we consider its context. A Morse code-driven telegram is decidedly boring in a world with the internet and mobile phones, but back in the 1800’s it would be a revolutionary piece of technology that would help drive the pursuit of information and lay the foundations for our modern internet.

To help underpin much of this modern technology, we’d need many things, including the ability to generate power reliably. In the early days, this would be the steam turbine's job, something that we’ve looked at in earlier What The Tech articles. As technology evolved though, we’d see this role taken over by the concept of the turbine engine. Providing propulsion and power generation to ships, trains and even tanks, it has played a massive part in bringing together our modern world. Let’s check it out!

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:904/1*Rc_i6_Hi-Cw0Vpm7iww7mA.png)

**Like people, turbines come in different shapes and sizes. Source: Wikipedia**

# The Beginnings

Given the Gas turbine is a more refined version of a steam-based system, development and research would come early as conceptual development could be based on steam-driven concepts. While we wouldn’t see exotic alloys or fuels in these systems, we would see some fundamental concepts explored and verified.

The first concept would come in the year 1000, with the Chinese Trotting Horse lamp. Lighting a flame would heat air to drive an impeller, moving horse riding figures and projecting the image onto the lantern. Further development would be tackled by Leonardo Da Vinci almost 500 years later in the 1500s with his smoke jack system for roasting meat.

Despite these early advances, it would take nearly another 300 years before research would evolve to incorporate some modern concepts and it would take something we relate to in the modern world to bring this all together. What is that, you might ask? Human Transportation.

# Refinement

For personal transport, the horse and carriage had worked all right up until this point however it came with some unique issues regarding global development. While the concept of animal waste is well understood as a limitation the simple fact is that horses are terrible sailors, so to improve propulsion at sea, we’d need a proper design that would enable humanity to bypass all these limitations. And while the initial steps would come from steam turbines, it would be gas turbines that would really help maritime propulsion hit its stride.

If you have an observant eye, you might have noticed in one of the earlier images that the naval gas turbine would share some commonalities with aviation-based systems. That’s a good spot because naval turbine development would ride on the back of aviation technology. So much so, that the first system deployed on a naval vessel would be based on early jet engine technology.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*7HT8QZ5uyWYR4aaAB9J5Kg.png)

**The Gas Turbine would appear in many environments once fully developed. Source: Wikipedia.**

It would be the Royal Navy’s MGB-2009 Gunboat system that would take the first modern turbine technology to sea, shortly after the end of WW2\. With that, the stage was set for the technology to rapidly proliferate into modern industry.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*X2icJqg2pULaeInyIAMJfQ.png)

**Turbine technology would also be a huge hit in the civilian sector. Here’s Boeing’s Jetfoil 929–100–007 design. Source: Wikipedia**

# Modern Development

As the technology matured during the 1960s and 1970s the gas turbine was observed to have a few characteristics that enabled it to be highly relevant to our modern world. Firstly, compared to a reciprocating engine, turbines had far fewer moving parts meaning that the system would (with a few exceptions) be pretty reliable in a harsh commercial environment. It would also generate far more power than its equivalent. One of the biggest benefits though, would be its adaptability to different fuel sources, and it was this feature that modern militaries would leverage to streamline their logistical arm.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*IyX2blRZRBO4X6Z0Xkh8gw.png)

**The US-designed M-1 ABRAMS main battle tank uses a gas turbine system for propulsion. Source: Wikipedia**

Because of this, turbine technology wouldn’t just end up going to sea, it would end up being deployed in a large number of land-based systems as well. Probably one of the most recognisable of these would be the US-designed M-1A1 main battle tank.

The M-1 would use a Lycoming (now Honeywell) AGT1500 gas turbine design from the beginning, providing over 1500hp to the system. Although the design wasn’t without criticism, its performance in the Gulf War would show that leveraging modern technology would typically come with some substantial benefits.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*cZVjVSIgMWtXHLRMa2n0Zg.png)

**High-powered turbine systems would also appear in the power generation sector. This is California’s gateway generating station. Source: Wikipedia.**

# Power Generation

While the military would leverage turbine technology for all manner of designs, the civilian sector wasn’t going to be left behind either. Turbines offered them a way to reliably produce high-power levels. Not encumbered by the weight restrictions of mobile or aviation-based systems meant that they could use stronger (read, heavier) components that would give increased reliability over a longer duration.

As such, they would feature in various sizes and would even go on to be used in modular container-based designs. This meant that remote projects could simply deploy a shipping container into the area and once set up have reliable power delivered with minimal fuss.

It was these shore-based systems that would help increase the overall efficiency of the modern design. With a turbine system having an efficiency rate of around 30%, these efficiency improvements would typically be found by leveraging the high waste heat levels that the system would generate. This meant that dual or combined cycle processes could develop and these processes would lead to massive efficiency dividends.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:612/1*tyPOTaeyW8BcbxwEjK6eLA.png)

**Combined-cycle designs would provide the best gains. Source: Wikipedia.**

The General Electric 9HA would have an efficiency rate of over 62%, providing more than double the efficiency of earlier designs.

# Into The Future

If you’ve read all this and figured the gas turbine was at its peak you might be close. But like all modern tech, high-end manufacturing processes should allow us to refine this process even further. So in the future, we should see even more features added to our existing designs.

While efficiency levels are a natural place to start this process, there are also other considerations helping to drive a lot of this change. Alternative fuels and considerations around size and development are also considerations meaning that ideally, the technology will become cheaper and easier to manufacture. This should open up new potential regarding improvements to future designs.

The humble turbine engine has contributed a lot to human development. But there’s plenty left for it to give.

***What The Tech is our recurring, twice-monthly piece that looks at the technology that was essential in shaping our modern world***

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What The Tech?! Gas Turbines

**This next piece explores Ton, Telegram and OSINT analysis.**

In previous articles, we [**looked at Telegram**](https://medium.com/@investigator515/socmint-talking-bout-telegram-8f47f2886e62) and discussed some of the OSINT strategies that could be applied. We also talked briefly about TON and TON COIN. With both playing a pivotal role in the development of Telegram, including providing many modern Web 3 services, it’s worth exploring TON in more detail and looking at what role it might play in an OSINT investigation.

# **What is TON**

Originally standing for the Telegram Online NEtwork, TON went through a facelift after being associated with some of Telegram’s woes. As such, it’s known now as The Online Network. TON is a blockchain that underpins many telegram services and is able to be used as an in-app currency for tips and purchases.

Fast, and easy to integrate TON is particularly popular with online creators and retailers as it allows them to accept donations and charge for their work quickly and easily. It also provides a Web3-based domain name system for users, allowing for the reception of TON directly into a compatible wallet via a username, rather than a long and complex wallet number.

Developers can also integrate TON with a wide range of apps, allowing for custom workflows and interfaces to be designed. While this is convenient, it’s also part of the reason why Telegram has such a problem with scammers and bad actors. It gives them a customisable and easily configurable environment for them to work with.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*b2qAGauQhSoKtbl6NCL0HQ.png)

As we can see from the enclosed screencap, TON provides a large array of services, along with developer tools and educational materials.

Interestingly enough, despite being around for nearly six years, there are still plenty of people who aren’t even aware that it exists.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1104/1*TnmL58JjWrm5FcU7L84kPw.png)

If you’re interested in the development history, the roadmap gives a good outline of key events and figures. Savvy users would have noticed the input of Pavel Durov, Telegram’s founder who got a mention in our earlier article.

# **Blockchain Research**

With TON being a fully tradable cryptocurrency, users are able to interact with it on centralised and decentralised exchanges. It’s also compatible with other typical Web 3 elements meaning that if your investigation entails following the money, then you might have your work cut out for you.

Despite some of the challenges though, TON is like any other blockchain in that there are tools to help identify wallets and transactions of interest. And with TON having domain name integration, you’ll often find plenty of information to get you started once you begin looking.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*G8_JhcbkgyoeO8ZC8dFgWA.png)

[**Tonscan**](http://tonscan.org/)is the best place to start for things like this. Similar to the Solana-powered SOLscan, Tonscan allows for the tracking of wallets, transactions and even block numbers. This means that while sometimes you might not be able to identify a wallet owner, you can still track any transactions that the wallet might make.

![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*kkHuuIWuoiLrl86TS9rfXA.png)

Tonscan is a far more useful tool than most give it credit for though. On the homepage, you can also stake TON, see updates from the development team and even see the top ten wallet holders with little more than a glance at your screen. It’s a super powerful tool for exploring TON transactions and you should spend some time getting comfortable with it if you intend to add it to your workflow.

# **Bots & More**

If you’re into Web3 or coding in general then you’re probably no stranger to using technology to make life easier or keep yourself informed. And despite its issues, if that’s your area of interest then you’ll find plenty to keep you occupied. Not only are there integrations with existing bots but creating your own is pretty easy all things considered.

More than a few people have leveraged this for their own means and while we’ll explore Bots in more detail later in the series, for now, it is worth mentioning the role they play with crypto and TON in general.

Web3 is about speed, convenience and integration and because of this, you’ll find a wide variety of bots to help you fulfil your goals, whatever they may be. This means that while there's a bot for identifying links to accounts and other OSINT-based user patterns or details, there are also bots that specifically focus on the use, purchasing and selling of various cryptocurrencies.

While a lot of this activity is above board and of no concern, there is still a significant amount of wallet drainers and malware that target Telegram users. So, applying good security practices if you decide to involve yourself in things like this is usually pretty prudent while also helping to protect you in the long run.

# **In Closing**

While Telegram is less popular in the West than it is in places like Russia, it’s important to realise that while we may not see value in it, plenty of others do.

So, because of this some people often overlook telegram in terms of its intelligence value or utility and the reality is that it has much to offer cyber investigators who are looking to upskill or existing investigators who might find Russia or Central Europe in their sights. Even places like Australia now find themselves with increasingly large numbers of Telegram users.

When you pair this with the wide range of services that TON can offer in partnership with Telegram it doesn’t take much to realise that while it has plenty to offer the intelligence community, it’s also ripe for active measures as well.

Just like the Russian-based Social Media platform, VK offers an entirely different snapshot of the world in comparison to places like Facebook or Instagram, stepping into some corners of Telegram can be like stepping into a new world as well. And not always a good one either.

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Toncoin: The Open Network

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Who's Perp Trading on Zeta? A 🧵

1/ Zeta Markets is the most secure & beginner-friendly trading platform on Solana! Whether you're a pro or just starting out, Zeta is designed for you. Not only is it secure, but it's also incredibly user-friendly while giving you rewards for your activity.

2/ One of the exciting changes coming up is the introduction of Zeta X. This is set to be the first DeFi Layer 2 solution on Solana, aiming to bring the speed and convenience of centralized exchanges directly to the blockchain. This is going to take a good platform and make it great.

3/ Zeta X will utilize sovereign rollups and ZK-proofs to enhance trading speeds, aiming for up to 10,000 transactions per second and latencies as low as 3-5ms. For on-chain trading, timing is everything. Zeta X makes it more efficient and scalable.

4/ For traders, the rewards system is something to watch. With each trading epoch (every 28 days), you can earn $ZEX tokens based on your Z-Score, which reflects your trading activity on the platform. This incentivizes active participation, rewards loyalty & helps engagement

5/ The Genesis Epoch kicked off with a massive 8 million $ZEX up for grabs, & with each epoch, there are substantial rewards. Not only do you trade, but you also earn, making Zeta a place where your trading activity benefits you in tokens. Maximize your Z-Score to increase your return

6/ Zeta is all about community & growth. With a referral program & various community initiatives funded by the DAO treasury, bringing friends to Zeta can be mutually beneficial. Create content or onboard users, it's your choice.

7/ Trading can be intimidating but Zeta is built with beginners in mind. With plenty of community resources & active community chats, you'll be able to find everything you need to get started. Join the discord if you need some support.

8/ Farming a maybe can be frustrating. Rather than do that, why not trade, earn and collect on a platform with a committed dev team & a clear vision for their future. 

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***This article is compiled from a long-form Twitter thread. Read the original here:*** <https://x.com/inv515/status/1869639214041850246>

**Impermanent Loss & Risk Liquidity**

Liquidity Pools are part of the de-fi ecosystem.

LPs allow users to deposit token pairs to enable trading. They are managed by Automated Market Makers (AMMs), which use algo's to set prices based on the token supply in the pool. 1/11

**Initial Investment**

We deposited 94 KMNO and 0.3 JUPsol into the KMNO-JUPsol pool. The goal was to provide liquidity & earn from trading fees as we did with JITOSol. However, price changes & market conditions can, on occasion, lead to what's known as impermanent loss. 2/10

![Image](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GfJJLJmbYAA31nF?format=jpg&name=medium)

**Current Holdings**

Now, we have 344 KMNO and 0.08 JUPsol. This change in holdings reflects how the pool has adjusted to market dynamics, particularly the price changes between KMNO & JUPsol as well as the market's recent retraction 3/11

![Image](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GfJJUsma4AAjhgZ?format=jpg&name=medium)

**Understanding Impermanent Loss**

Impermanent loss occurs when the price ratio of the tokens in our pool diverges from when we deposited them. If we withdraw our liquidity when the price changes, we may end up with less value than if we had just held the tokens ourselves. 4/11

**Rebalancing**

Say KMNO's price increased significantly compared to JUPsol. As traders buy KMNO from the pool, the algorithm adjusts, reducing the KMNO amount & increasing JUPsol to maintain balance. This rebalancing can lead to impermanent loss if the prices don't revert. 5/11

**Real World**

If KMNO's price surged, the pool would have more JUPsol after rebalancing. Now with 355 KMNO but only 0.08 JUPsol, we have more KMNO but less JUPsol than initially. When this occurs, it can leave some newcomers a little confused. 6/11

**Why Impermanent?**

It's called "impermanent" because if the price ratio returns to our entry point, the loss can become a gain again. But, if we withdraw our liquidity when prices are imbalanced, the loss becomes permanent. So, our loss won't be realized until this point 7/11

**Mitigate**

Kamino uses strategies like auto-rebalancing to minimize the risk of IL. By adjusting the range where your liquidity is effective, it tries to optimize your position for both earning fees & reducing losses. It won't eliminate all risks, but it's still helpful. 8/11

![Image](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GfJKdM5bMAANPrL?format=jpg&name=medium)

**Fees vs Loss**

While there's a risk of IL, you still earn trading fees for providing liquidity. If this exceeds the potential loss from price divergence, we could still be profitable. In good conditions, the value from fees can offset or even surpass the impermanent loss. 9/11

**Remember**

Investing in pools like KMNO-JUPsol involves accepting some risk around things like impermanent loss. While it can be mitigated through strategies & fee earnings, the best way to reduce the level of risk is through careful management of your portfolio 10/11

**Have a Go**

A great way to learn is by giving it a shot. So, grab some KMNO and add some to the KMNO-SOL liquidity. Then, stake some KMNO to multiply your reward points. Got Questions? Join the discord. <https://discord.com/invite/kaminofinance…> 

This is the end of the thread. 11/11

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Investigator515

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The Cryptoverse Explorers

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Gimme Crypto

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this is our Community Marketing Treasury account. This account will be used to pay all creators who help on Marketing but also on different other marketing strategies. Please engage with all our posts on the different social networks we're sharing to: X, FB, Linkedin: like, comment, share it to...

this is our Community Marketing Treasury account. This account will be used to fund different marketing strategies. Please engage with all our posts on the different social networks we're sharing to: X, FB, Linkedin: like, comment, share it to others outside of Grill as much as you possible can...

SUB Army

Zeta X is coming soon. Supercharge your trades AND your rewards.

If you aren’t a medium member, you can read with no paywall via substack

To get technology like today's Starlink internet systems and the Iridium phone network, we’d need other pieces of technology to help leverage that. For instance, we’d need reliable radiocommunication and telemetry systems...

🚨DeNET announces airdrop on peaq 🦾

You still have time to try to catch this airdrop 🪂

If anyone is encouraged to mine WN here is my invitation code with which you can receive an extra bonus of 1150 WN 👇
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This space is a Community Marketing Channel. Here, you’ll find shareable content—videos, images, text, and interactive content—created to spread Subsocial & Grill far and wide. Guardians are encouraged to share this content across all platforms, including social media, Telegram, Discord, etc. For...

In this previous article we looked at some of the fundamentals around coaxial cable, including some of the characteristics that we might see when using coaxial cable in various installations.

In today’s article, we’ll be exploring an older feedline type. Still in use in amateur radio today, this...

Still beta for now but Swap is a big swing from the Kamino as goes the ecosystem.

See the governance post for more details https://gov.kamino.finance/t/introducing-kamino-swap/351

Watch the walk through on Solmedia https://sol.media/video/6754f74728e162f02442b631

\#solana #crypto #defi $KNMO

This article is compiled from a long-form Twitter thread. Read the original here: https://x.com/inv515/status/1869639214041850246

Impermanent Loss & Risk Liquidity

Liquidity Pools are part of the de-fi ecosystem.

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Providing liquidity can be a great way to support a project while earning rewards.

Cryptocurrency can be risky due to market volatility and lack of regulation. Use reputable platforms, avoid emotional trading, and only invest what you can afford to lose. Be cautious and remember, not your keys...

The "'Cryptoverse Explorers"' are here to take you on a journey! They will explore the blockchain and share their amazing experience! From Modular Chains to Layer2s ... here is the place to enhance your crypto knowledge!

All the latest information on crypto airdrops, rewards and giveaways.
Find us at: https://t.me/gimme_crypto

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The blockchain for real-world applications 🌎
Scalable, decentralized, green, multi-chain.
Layer-1 built to power #DePIN and Machine #RWA 🚘⛵️✈️

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Gas Turbines evolved to provide conventional power to systems across heavy industry

It’s fair to say that the concept of technology can be pretty relative when we consider its context. A Morse code-driven telegram is decidedly boring in a world with the internet and mobile phones, but back in...

The VOID
https://www.bulbapp.io/p/95428458-db35-4bc6-8dca-47007a7d8112/the-void-old-school-on-chain-creativity-is-back

This next piece explores Ton, Telegram and OSINT analysis.

In previous articles, we looked at Telegram and discussed some of the OSINT strategies that could be applied. We also talked briefly about TON and TON COIN. With both playing a pivotal role in the development of Telegram, including...

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Hey folks, I’ve written about Mitosis a couple of times now, but if you haven’t been following along since then, currently they have an incentivized free testnet which I highly recommend taking a part of while there’s still time. In today’s article I’m going to be breaking down in a few simple...

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Who's Perp Trading on Zeta? A 🧵

1/ Zeta Markets is the most secure & beginner-friendly trading platform on Solana! Whether you're a pro or just starting out, Zeta is designed for you. Not only is it secure, but it's also incredibly user-friendly while giving you rewards for your activity.

2/...

UMA Ambassador/ Across Committee/ Horizen Ambassador

🔥 Web3 supporter | Polkadot lover | peaq ambassador

If you want fast, low-fee bridging then Across Protocol is a great option.

Cryptocurrency can be risky due to market volatility and lack of regulation. Use reputable platforms, avoid emotional trading, and only invest what you can afford to lose. Be cautious and remember, not your keys, not your...